Plant Bug :: Planetary Biodiversity Inventory


accessory fecundation canal: a slender, usually weakly sclerotized, tube running along dorsal wall of common oviduct from gynatrial sac to point of entrance into common oviduct; divided into basal thickening and fecundation pump.
accessory gland: vermiform gland, q.v.; or, accessory salivary gland, q.v.
accessory male genitalia: in some Schizopteridae, complex dorsoabdominal pregenital structures assumed to perform actual insemination after receiving sperm from primary genitalia.
accessory parempodium: in Leptopodomorpha, e.g., small, secondary parempodia; see also pseudopulvillus.
accessory salivary gland: tubular or vesicular gland associated by a duct with principal salivary gland.
accessory scent glands: small glands associated with primary reservoir of metathoracic scent gland.
aedeagus: that portion of phallus distal to phallobase, including proximal phallotheca (phallosoma) and distal endosoma.
aeropyle: fine pores connected to air spaces in outer and inner meshworks of chorion.
air straps: in Belostomatidae, a pair of straplike appendages derived from abdominal segment 8 used like respiratory siphon in Nepidae to obtain atmospheric air.
anal segment: anal tube, q.v.
anal tube: proctiger, q.v. .
androconia: in males of Scutelleridae and some other Pentatomomorpha, unicellular glands grouped in patches on abdominal venter, with hollow bristlelike androconium set into an alveolus.
androtraumatic insemination: in Phallopirates (Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae), presumed mode of insemination when male can pass sperm to female only after breaking off tip of his own copulatory organ.
annulus: (pl., annuli), a ring encircling an article or segment, as in antennae of some Reduviidae; anal tube, q.v.
anteclypeus: inferior (anterior) portion of clypeus, whenever there is a visible transverse line of demarcation.
antenniferous tubercle: a protuberance of head which bears antenna.
antennal fossa: a groove in which antenna is located or concealed, as in some Phymatinae (Reduviidae).
anteapical claw: see preapical claw.
anterior gonapophyses: first valvulae, q.v.
anterior pronotal lobe: anterior portion of pronotum bearing calli.
anterior ramus: posterior connecting leaf of first valvulae.
anterior valvulae: first valulae, q.v.
apical bulb: spermathecal bulb, q.v.
apterous: completely lacking wings.
arolium: (pl., arolia), bristle- or bladderlike, medial pretarsal structure, originating dorsad of unguitractor and between but isolated from bases of claws (sometimes incorrectly called empodium, parempodium, or rarely puvillus); see empodium and pulvillus; dorsal arolium, q.v.; ventral arolium, q.v.
articulatory apparatus: system of plates and apodemes for suspension of phallus and attachment of its motor muscles, drawn out along phallosoma into ligamentary processes, comprising 1) basal plates attached to suspensory apodemes and ponticulus transversalis and 2) dorsal connectives, ending in capitate processes.
auricle: variously shaped structure on metapleuron of adult Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha, assisting in spreading metathoracic scent-gland products of scent gland from ostiole onto evaporatorium.
auxilia: basipulvillus, q.v.
basal apparatus: articulatory apparatus, q.v.
basal foramen: entrance to phallic cavity surrounded by basal plates and ponticulus transversalis, closed or not by a septum.
basal plate: 2 major plates of articulatory apparatus; sometimes applied to entire articulatory apparatus.
basiconjunctiva: distal membranous part of phallosoma reaching to, but not including, ejaculatory reservoir.
basipulvillus: basal portion of pulvillus in Pentatomomorpha; see distipulvillus.
Berlese's organ: mesospermalege, q.v., or spermalege, q.v., as a whole.
bothrium: (pl., bothria), pit or tubercle from which a trichobothrium arises.
Brindley's glands: in some adult Reduviidae and Pachynomidae, paired glands located in anteriormost portion of abdomen, with openings situated dorsolaterally just posterior to thoracicoabdominal junction.
buccula: (pl., bucculae), a flange of gena, on each side of basal portion of labium.
bug: a term often loosely used for any insects, but strictly applied to members of suborder Heteroptera; true bug, q.v.
bursa copulatrix: (pl., bursae copulatrices), variously formed structure serving as a vagina, as in Miridae.
callar area: middle part of pronotum behind collar and containing calli, and corresponding in size to prothoracic body cavity.
callus: (pl., calli), paired or fused impressions or elevations in anterior part of pronotum behind collar.
capitate processes: mushroomlike ends of dorsal connectives (apodemes) of basal plates, on which are inserted protractor muscles of phallus.
capsid: member of family Miridae.
capsula seminalis: (pl., capsulae seminales), spermathecal bulb, q.v.
cardinate coxae: hinged and elongate hind coxae in pagiopodous taxa.
cephalic gland: maxillary glands, q.v.
cephalic neck: constricted posterior part of head, for most part inserted into prothorax.
Chagas' disease: disease of man and other mammals in South and Central America, Mexico, and Texas, caused by flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatidae) and transmitted by assassin bugs (Reduviidae), esp. Triatoma and Rhodnius
chelicera: (pl., chelicerae), grasping claws of forelegs in some Phymatinae (Reduviidae).
clasper: parameres, q.v.
claval commissure: junction of hemelytra along clavus on midline of body posterior to apex of scutellum and anterior to membrane, developed in most Panheteroptera.
claval furrow: claval suture, q.v.
claval suture: suture of forewing separating clavus from corium.
clavopruina: in Corixidae, a narrow, white frosted area along anteriolateral margin of clavus.
clavus: (pl., clavi), usually parallel-sided and sharply pointed anal area of hemelytron.
claw hairs: setiform microtrichia on outer surface of a claw, e.g., in some Miridae.
claw plate: unguitractor (plate), q.v.
coiled duct: in Gerromorpha, accessory fecundation canal, q.v.
coleopteroid: beetlelike in form, often referring to structure of forewings.
collar: rounded or flattened anterior margin of prothorax.
collum: (pl., colla), collar, q.v., of prothorax.
common oviduct: proximal portion of female genital ducts, between lateral oviducts (whether ectodermal or endodermal) and vagina.
conceptaculum seminis: (pl., conceptacula seminis), in many Cimicoidea, mesodermal organs of sperm storage, being a differentiation of mesodermal oviducts.
conjunctiva: (pl., conjunctivae), intersegmental membrane, q.v.; proximal portion of endosoma of phallus in many Heteroptera.
conjunctival appendages: lobes or processes arising from conjunctiva in expanded aedeagus of many Heteroptera.
connexivum: lateral margin of abdomen, formed by dorsal and ventral laterotergites or laterosternites.
copulatory organ: phallus, q.v.
corial glands: in Plokiophilidae, numerous, large, unicellular glands with low conical openings on dorsal surface of corium.
coriopruina: in Corixidae, a white frosted area between anterior apex of corium and clavopruina.
corium: (pl., coria), in Panheteroptera, proximal coriaceous or otherwise differentiated part of forewing exclusive of clavus and distinct from membrane, often being subdivided into anterior (lateral) exocorium and posterior (mesal) endocorium; see cuneus and embolium.
costal fracture: in many Heteroptera, a short, usually transverse line of weakness or break in costal margin of forewing separating sometimes well-differentiated cuneus from rest of corium.
cotton stainer: species of Heteroptera which cause discoloration of cotton fibers by piercing unripe bolls for their sap, e.g., Dysdercus spp. (Pyrrhocoridae).
cricoid sclerite: in many Pentatomomorpha, a parietal differentiation of endosoma delimiting conjunctiva from vesica.
Cryptocerata: Nepomorpha, q.v.
ctenidium: (pl., ctenidia), in Polyctenidae, comblike rows of flattened spines.
cubital furrow: simple or forked furrow or plica on hind wing posterior to Cu.
cultrate: shaped like a pruning knife.
cuneal incisure: costal fracture, q.v.
cuneus: (pl., cunei), in some Heteroptera, usually triangular posterolateral area of corium demarcated by costal fracture.
diadenian type: omphalian or diastomian type of metathoracic scent gland with gland cells concentrated within paired glandular components of system, and with scent reservoir(s) differentiated.
diastomian type: in adult Heteroptera, metathoracic scent gland apparatus opening by paired, widely spaced orifices associated with metacoxal cavities on metapleuron; see omphalian type.
distipulvillus: distal membranous or setiform portion of pulvillus in Pentatomomorpha; see basipulvillus.
dorsal abdominal scent gland (s): in nymphal Heteroptera, 1--4 paired or unpaired ectodermal abdominal gland(s) with paired on unpaired orifices situated intersegmentally or intrasegmentally, structure and function sometimes persisting into adult stage.
dorsal laterotergite: lateral plate of an abdominal tergum, often subdivided into outer and inner laterotergites.
dorsal paratergite: dorsal laterotergite, q.v.
ductus ejaculatorius: (pl., ducti ejaculatorii), median ectodermal efferent duct proximal to phallus, merging into ductus seminis.
ductus seminis: median ectodermal duct in phallus, from foramen ductus to secondary gonopore, frequently differentiated into d. s. proximalis and d. s. distalis.
ductus spermathecae: canal through which sperm enter spermatheca from vagina or bursa copulatrix.
ectospermalege: (pl. ectospermalegia), in some Cimicoidea, external pouchlike ectodermal part of spermalege.
egg cap: a lid joined to body of egg along a line of weakness, which is forced off by hatching embryo.
ejaculatory reservoir: in Pentatomomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha, and Nepidae, complex differentiation of proximal end of ductus seminis in endosoma.
embolar groove: trough-shaped groove of forewing running parallel with costal margin anterior to medial fracture and often delimiting embolium; see medial fracture.
embolium: in forewing of some Heteroptera, broadened submarginal part of corium proximal to costal fracture; exocorium, q.v.
empodium: (pl., empodia), distal extension of unguitractor plate, or, often applied to any unpaired structure arising between claws; see arolium, parempodia, and pulvillus.
endocorium: posterior (mesal in repose) part of corium between exocorium and clavus.
endosoma: (pl., endosomata), distal segment of phallus, free of ligamentary processes and surrounding ductus seminis distalis from ejaculatory reservoir (when present) to secondary gonopore.
epipharyngeal sense organ: anterior (x) and posterior (y) groups of sensilla located in epipharynx, apparently with sensory function related to feeding.
Euheteroptera: that taxon including the Dipsocoromorpha, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha.
evaporative area: evaporatorium, q.v.
evaporatorium: in most Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha, area of specialized cuticule on metathoracic pleuron associated with, and usually surrounding, orifice and auricle of metathoracic scent glands, possibly functioning in controlled dissemination and evaporation of scent gland products.
eversible gland: in adult Saldidae, a gland located in intersegmental membrane dorsal abdominal laterotergites 7 and 8.
exocorium: that part of corium lying between R or R+M and costal margin; see embolium and cuneus.
expansion skating: in Gerroidea, dispersing of fluid (probably saliva) onto water surface, which lowers surface tension causing insect to move much more rapidly than is otherwise possible.
extragenital insemination: traumatic insemination, q.v.
false spiracles: in Nepidae, hydrostatic organs, q.v.
fecundation canal: accessory fecundation canal, q.v.
fecundation pump: in some Gerromorpha, a widened area of accessory fecundation canal provided with a pair of plate like flanges.
first gonocoxae: first valifer, q.v.
first gonocoxopodites: first valifer, q.v.
first ramus: connecting leaf of first valvulae.
first valvulae: the outer blades of the ovipositor.
flagellum: (pl., flagella), elongate, sometimes coiled, distal portion of ductus seminis.
forceps: (pl., forcipes), parameres, q.v.
fossula spongiosa: in many Cimicomorpha, apically on one or more pairs of tibiae, a vesicular hemolymph-filled structure beset with adhesive setae.
frenum: (pl., frena), lateral groove in upper margin of scutellum into which fits or catches channeled locking device on lower edge of clavus.
genital atrium: vagina, q.v.
genital capsule: pygophore, q.v..
genital chamber: vagina, q.v..
genital segment: in males abdominal segment 9, in females abdominal segments 8 and 9; pygophore, q.v.
glochis: spur or short vein in hind wing arising distally from Cu.
gonapophysis: (pl. gonapophyses), valvula, q.v.
gonocoxite: valifers, q.v.
gonocoxopodite: valifers, q.v.
gonoforceps: (pl., gonoforcipes), parameres, q.v.
gonopod: parameres, q.v.
gonoporal process: flagellum, q.v.
gonopore: secondary gonopore, q.v.
gonostylus: (pl., gonostyli), paramere(s), q.v.
guide: in some male Enicocephalidae, reduced remnants of external genitalia arising from posteroventral margin of pygophore.
gustatory organ: epipharyngeal sense organ, q.v.
Gymnocerata: a grade group of Heteroptera with freely movable, conspicuous antennae.
gynatrial complex: in Gerromorpha, a term referring to that portion of internal ectodermalia composed of gynatrial sac, spermathecal tube, and accessory fecundation canal; also applied to complex of homologous structures in other Heteroptera.
gynatrial glands: ringed glands, q.v.
gynatrial sac: vaginal pouch, q.v.; bursa copulatrix, q.v.
gynatrium: vagina, q.v.
hamus: (pl., hami), spur or short vein, sometimes pointed, projecting into middle cell of hind wing and representing M.
harpago: (pl., harpagones), parameres, q.v.
helicoid process: in some Pentatomomorpha, cricoid sclerite, q.v.
hemelytron: (pl., hemelytra), forewing of Heteroptera, especially in Panheteroptera with distinctly thickened proximal portion and membranous distal portion.
hemocoelic insemination: traumatic insemination, q.v.
hemoglobin: respiratory pigment found in hemolymph of Anisopinae (Notonectidae).
hood: in Tinginae (Tingidae), elevated anterior part of prothorax, often covering head.
humerus: (pl., humeri), posterolateral angle of pronotum; humeral angle, q.v.
hydranapheuxis: in Gerromorpha and Leptopodomorpha, process of deforming meniscus of water surface to allow ascension to adjacent substrate.
hygropetric: pertaining to life on a thin film of water on a rock surface, as in some Gerromorpha.
hydrostatic organs: in Nepidae, 3 pairs of ovoid structures on connexiva of abdominal sterna 3--5 near spiracles but not connected to tracheal system, which function in spatial orientation.
hypandrium: (pl., hypandria), ventro-posterior margin of pygophore (abdominal segment 9) when protruded.
hypocostal lamina: ventrally deflected proximal part of costal margin of forewing.
hypocostal ridge: hypocostal lamina, q.v.
hypocular suture: in Corixidae, short sulcus on either side of head capsule posteroventral to eyes.
hypopygium: (pl., hypopygia), pygophore, q.v.
intercalary sclerite: in Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, and a few other groups of Heteroptera, 2 minute sclerotized plates dorsally between segments 3 and 4 of labium.
jugum: (pl., juga), mandibular plate q.v.






lacerate-flush feeding: in phytophagous Heteroptera, process of lacerating and macerating cells with stylets and then flushing out material with saliva and inbibing it; see sawing-clipping feeding.
laciniate ovipositor: ovipositor with elongate, often laterally compressed blades (valvulae).
laminae: an expanded or platelike region, as body margins of Termitaphididae.
larval organ: in many nymphal Saldidae, an apparently sensory structure, in form of depression, located on abdominal sternum 3 just mesad of spiracle.
lateral oviducts: paired canals leading from ovaries to common oviduct, most frequently mesodermal, but in certain Heteroptera proximally mesodermal and distally ectodermal.
laterosternite: lateral subdivisions of sterna of pregenital abdominal segments (e.g., in some aquatic bugs).
laterotergite: dorsal and ventral laterotergites, q.v.
lima: (pl. limae), stridulitrum, q.v.
lorum: (pl., lora), maxillary plate, q.v.
M-chromosome: supernumerary autosomes, occurring most commonly in Lygaeoidea and in some Nepomorpha.
macropterous: with both fore- and hind wings fully developed and functional.
macrotrichia: a relatively large or elongate seta, as on abdomen of some Anthocoridae.
male hooks: parameres, q.v.
mandibular plates: that portion of head laterad of (posterior to) clypeus and dorsad of maxillary plate.
mating swarm: a conspicuous cloud of insects, usually males, dancing or hovering over a marker or in lee of an obstruction, serving to attract solitary members of other sex, e.g., Enicocephalomorpha.
maxillary glands: small paired glands opening near bases of maxillae.
maxillary plate: that portion of head ventral to mandibular plate.
medial fracture: longitudinal furrow delimiting exocorium (or embolium) from endocorium; see embolar groove.
mediotergite: unpaired plate of an abdominal tergum with delimited, paired laterotergites.
mesoscutellum: scutellum, q.v.
micropyle: opening in chorion of egg through which sperm pass during process of fertilization, in most Pentatomomorpha manifested externally by elevated tubular or capitate processes.
membrane: membranous apical portion of hemelytron in Panheteroptera and some other Heteroptera.
mesospermalege: (pl. mesospermalegia), in some Cimicoidea, subintegumental mesodermal portion of spermalege into which spermatozoa are injected; see ectospermalege.
metathoracic scent gland: in Heteroptera, universally occurring adult system of paired or unpaired scent glands with single or paired opening on metasternum with external outflow channels (ostiolar canals) which transmit glandular products to ostiole located on metepisterna.
microtrichia: in Gerromorpha, that portion of body hair layer composed of fine spicules.
mutic: without spines
natatorial: natatory, fitted for swimming, being generally applied to swimming legs in aquatic bugs (Nepomorpha).
neck: cephalic neck, q.v.
Neoheteroptera: that taxon including the Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha.
nodal furrow: in Corixidae, costal fracture, q.v.
node: costal fracture, q.v.
nymph: immature form; larva, q.v.
ocular seta: in many groups of Heteroptera, usually a pair of setae located in disc of compound eye of early instars, often lost later in development.
odoriferous gland: metathoracic scent gland, q.v., or dorsal abdominal scent gland, q.v.
omphalian type: in adult Heteroptera, metathoracic scent gland apparatus usually with a single (rarely double) opening on metasternum (rarely on abdominal sternum 1), with paired on unpaired internal structures; see diastomian type.
omphalium: prominent metasternal opening of omphalian type of metathoracic scent gland.
operculum: (pl., opercula), egg cap, q.v., as for example in most Cimicomorpha.
organ of Berlese: spermalege, q.v.
ostiolar canal: external outflow pathway of metathoracic scent gland, usually leading from metathoracic venter to metepisternum.
ostiolar groove: ostiolar canal, q.v.
ostiolar peritreme: in many Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha, a calloused area of variable shape, surrounding the the ostiole, and itself often surrounded by the evaporatorium.
ostiole: external opening of metathoracic scent gland, often referring to opening on metepisternum.
ovipositor: organ by which eggs are deposited, formed in Heteroptera by paired first and second valvulae.
Pagiopoda: that unnatural assemblage of Heteroptera in which posterior coxae are usually elongate and articulation is a hinge joint; see cardinate and Trochalopoda.
pagiopodous: pertaining to Pagiopoda.
pala: (pl., palae), in Corixidae, tarsus of foreleg modified into a hair-fringed scoop for particle feeding, and in males for attachment to females during mating or sexual display.
palm: palma, in Corixidae, that portion of pala, usually pilose, lying between upper and lower row of palmar setae, sometimes furnished with striduatory pegs.
palmar hairs: in Corixidae, usually a row of long setae on lower margin of pala, and a row of short setae along upper margin of palm.
Panheteroptera: that taxon including Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha.
paraclypeal lobe: mandibular plate, q.v.
paragenital sinus: in Cimicoidea, external pocket or channel leading to external aperture of ectospermalege.
paragenital system: in many Cimicoidea, various structural differentiations in females correlated with traumatic insemination; see spermalege.
paramere: paired male genital structures independent of phallus, arising post embryologically from exterolateral parts of 2 buds (primary phallic lobes), internomedian parts of which give rise to phallus.
parandrium: (pl., parandria), one of a pair of expansions of external wall of pygophore in lateroventral position, provided with setae but not muscles.
paranota: (sing., paranotum), in certain Tingidae, flattened or lamellate sides of pronotum.
parasternites: laterosternites, q.v.
paratergite: laterotergites, q.v.
parempodia: (sing., parempodium), paired setiform or lamellate processes arising distally from unguitractor plate, between claw bases; Schuh); see arolium, empodium, and pulvillus.
pars intermedialis: spermathecal pump, q.v.
peg plates: in Gerromorpha and Ochteridae, minute circular depressions bordered by a shallow rim and filled with a number of subconical pegs, generally found on head and body, and in some species also on certain leg segments.
Pendergrast's organ: specialized organ found on abdominal venter of some Acanthosomatidae.
penis: (pl., penes), phallus, q.v.
penisfilum: (pl., penisfila), in Saldidae, reel system, q.v.
periadenian type: omphalian or diastomian type of metathoracic scent glands, with gland cells uniformly distributed in paired or unpaired components of system without differentiation of scent reservoir.
peritreme: ostiolar peritreme, q.v.
phallandrium: in Phallopirates (Enicocephalidae), conspicuous bulbous copulatory organ composed largely of novel components including genital plates.
phallobase: articulatory apparatus, q.v.
phallosoma: proximal portion of phallus supported by or incorporating ligamentary process and surrounding ductus seminis proximalis to ejaculatory reservoir (if present), often referred to as phallotheca when sclerotized.
phallotheca: sclerotized proximal part of phallosoma (q.v.), especially in Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha.
phallus: (pl., phalli), intromittent organ, including phallobase, aedeagus and its various processes; see endosoma, phallotheca, phallosoma, vesica.
plastron: in Aphelocheiridae and Cryphocricini (Naucoridae), a physical gill formed by a dense mat of microtrichia on ventral body surface.
plate-shaped ovipositor: ovipositor with shortened valvulae which may be fused, reduced, and dorsoventrally compressed; see laciniate ovipositor.
plectrum: ordinarily moveable portion of stridulatory structure; see stridulitrum.
pleustonic: of or pertaining to air-water interface, e.g., Gerridae are pleustonic.
ponticulus transversalis: large dorsal rodlike transverse superior connection between basal plates in male phallus; see articulatory apparatus and basal plates.
pore-bearing plate: in Hyocephalidae, an ovoid pore-bearing structure on each side of abdominal sternum 3.
posterior gonapophyses: second valvulae.
posterior pronotal lobe: posterior expansion of pronotum overlaying part or more rarely all of mesonotum.
posterior ramus: anterior connecting leaf of second valvulae.
posterior valvulae: second valvulae, q.v.
posterior wall: in female Miridae, a sclerotized, platelike structure lying between the rami of the second valvulae.
postnodal pruina: in Corixidae, a white, frosted area along lateral border of corium posterior to nodal furrow (costal fracture).
preapical claws: in Gerroidea, a condition in which pretarsus is inserted proximal to apex of last tarsal segment.
primary gonopore: distal end of ductus ejaculatorius before entering phallus at level of basal foramen to merge into ductus seminis; see secondary gonopore.
principal salivary gland: major salivary gland of paired salivary system, with 2 or more lobes, always associated with an accessory salivary gland.
processus: gonopori, flagellum, q.v.
proctiger: reduced abdominal segment 10, bearing anus, possibly surrounding invaginated abdominal segment 11
pronotal carina: primarily in Tingidae, main or median carina or keel on pronotum.
prosternal furrow: in most Reduviidae, a cross-striated longitudinal groove in prosternum, by means of which stridulation is caused by rubbing apex of rostrum in it by up and down movements of the head.
pseudarolium: (pl., pseudarolia), in Miridae, pulvillus, q.v.
pseudomicropyle: in eggs of Cimicomorpha, hollow chorionic micropylelike processes used for gas exchange.
pseudoperculum: an egg cap without a distinct sealing bar, and in which eclosion is not result of fluid pressure.
pseudoplacental viviparity: viviparity in which eggs contain little or no yolk and embryo presumably receives nourishment from a pseudoplacenta, e.g., in Polyctenidae.
pseudopulvillus: (pl., pseudopulvilli), in Miridae, paired pretarsal structures arising laterally from unguitractor plate, distinct from parempodia and often superficially resembling pulvilli; see also accessory parempodium.
pseudospermathecae: in Pachynomidae, Reduviidae, and Tingidae which lack functional spermatheca, one or 2 saclike or tubular diverticula arising from vagina or common oviduct, functioning as sperm storage storage organs.
pseudospiracle: in Nepidae, hydrostatic organ, q.v.
pulvillus: (pl. pulivilli), in Miridae, some Anthocoridae, nearly all Pentatomomorpha, bladderlike pretarsal structures arising from ventral or mesal surfaces of claws; see basipulvillus, distipulvillus, arolium, empodium, parempodium, and pseudopulvillus.
pygofer: pygophore, q.v..
pygophore: abdominal segment 9 of male, enclosing the phallus.
ramus: (pl., rami), connecting leaves (or arms) of ovipositor valvulae.
raptorial: adapted for seizing prey, e.g., forelegs of many predaceous Heteroptera.
receptaculum seminis: spermatheca, q.v.,
rectal: organ, proctiger, q.v.
reel system: in Saldidae, differentiation of ductus seminis at junction of ductus seminis proximalis and distalis into a coiled tube.
remigium: anterior part of wing chiefly involved in flight; the wing anterior to the claval suture.
respiratory siphon: in Nepidae, paired caudal structures derived from abdominal tergum 8, forming a channel in nymphs and a long tube in adults, which connect with eighth abdominal spiracles, and which serve to replenish subhemelytral airstore in these aquatic insects.
Ribaga's organ: ectospermalege or spermalege, q.v.
ring sclerite: in some Lygaeidae, cricoid sclerite, q.v.; paired or unpaired annular sclerotizations encircling ringed glands of vagina, vaginal pouch, or bursa copulatrix.
ringed glands: in some Heteroptera, paired or unpaired glands, dorsally or ventrally on vagina or on vaginal pouch, or bursa copulatrix, sometimes ringed by annular sclerotizations known as ring sclerites.
rostrum: combined labium and maxillary and mandibular stylets.
rotatory coxae: nearly globose hind coxae with a ball and socket articulation; see Trochalopoda
salivary sheath: lipoprotein sheath left in plant tissue, formed from hardened salivary secretions, encasing stylets as they penetrate plant tissue.
sawing-clipping feeding: method of feeding in which stylets are moved back and forth in a straight line; see lacerate-flush feeding.
scent glands: dorsal abdominal scent gland in nymphs (sometimes persisting to adulthood) and several types of scent glands in adults (see metathoracic scent glands, Brindley's glands), producing pheromones, allomones, venoms, and other substances, with often notorious and unpleasant smell for humans.
scent pores: ostioles, q.v.
scent reservoir: paired or unpaired reservoir of metathoracic scent glands; see diadenian type, diastomian type and omphalian type.
sclerotized rings: ring sclerites, q.v.
scrobe: a groove, as in foretibia of Phymatinae (Reduviidae) for reception of tarsus.
scutellum: (pl., scutella), triangular part of mesothorax, generally placed between bases of hemelytra, but in some Pentatomoidea partly or completely overlapping them.
sealing bar: in eggs of Cimicomorpha, a bar joining cap to rest of chorion, consisting of a very thin layer of resistant endochorion and a thick amber layer.
second gonocoxae: second valvifers.
second gonocoxopodites: second valvifers.
second ramus: ramus of second valifer.
second valvifers: valifer arising from abdominal segment 9.
second valvulae: median blades of the ovipositor.
secondary gonopore: opening of ductus seminis at or near apex of phallus.
secondary hypocostal ridge: in adult Heteroptera, a secondary modification of hypocostal lamina.
seminal duct: ductus seminis, q.v.
seminal reservoir: ejaculatory reservoir, q.v.
semiring sclerite: in Colobathristidae, cricoid sclerite, q.v.
sieve pore: peg plates, q.v.
sperm reservoir: ejaculatory reservoir, q.v.
spermalege: (pl., spermalegia), in some Cimicoidea, an organ (organs) on pregenital abdominal segments receiving sperm during traumatic insemination and lacking a direct communication with genital apparatus itself; usually consisting of an external integumental pouch (ectospermalege) and an internal mesodermal part (mesospermalege).
spermatheca: (pl., spermathecae), median, dorsal, unpaired, sclerotized diverticulum of vagina serving as sperm storage receptacle; receptaculum seminis, q.v., vermiform gland, q.v., spermathecal tube, q.v.; see also conceptaculum seminis, pseudospermatheca.
spermathecal bulb: generally bulb-shaped terminal portion of spermatheca serving actual sperm storage function.
spermathecal duct: ductus spermathecae, q.v.
spermathecal gland: vermiform gland, q.v.
spermathecal pump: part of spermatheca between ductus spermathecae and spermathecal bulb, frequently differentiated---in true spermatheca---into a muscular pump with flanges.
spermathecal tube: in infraorder Gerromorpha and some other Heteroptera, an elongate, looped, spermatheca with glandular cells in its walls; see spermatheca.
spermatic duct: in many Cimicoidea, duct arising from fusion of vasa deferentia.
spermatic furrow: in many Cimicoidea, groove of left paramere in which runs interlocked phallus.
spermodes: in Cimicidae, intraepithelial network of canals in walls of pedicels and paired oviducts through which spermatozoa pass from conceptacula seminis to ovarioles.
spiracular line: a line drawn through the spiracles on the abdominal venter of trichophoran Pentatomomorpha, used to refer to postion of abdominal trichobothria relative to spiracles.
spongy fossa: fossula spongiosa, q.v.
stapes: basal plates, q.v.
staphylinoid: condition in which hemelytra are reduced and truncate.
static sense organ: hydrostatic organ, q.v.
strainer: in Hyocephalidae, pore-bearing plate, q.v.
stridulitrum: ordinarily stationary portion of stridulatory mechanism; see plectrum.
strigil: strigile, strigilis, stridulitrum, q.v.
stylus: (pl., styli), parameres, q.v.
subgenital plate: in most female Heteroptera abdominal sternum 7, in Enicocephalidae sternum 8.
submacropterous: condition of wings in which corium and clavus of forewings are fully developed with membrane being slightly to greatly reduced, hind wings generally being functional; see brachypterous.
supradistal plate: in some male Enicocephalidae, dorsal cover of genitalia.
suspensorial apodemes: apodemes to which are attached basal plates of articulatory apparatus.
suspensory arms: suspensorial apodemes, q.v.
suspensory processes: suspensorial apodemes, q.v.
swarming: in Enicocephalidae, aggregating in a mating swarm, q.v.
swimming fan: in some Veliidae, e.g., Rhagovelia (Veliidae), fanlike structure usually formed from a modified ventral arolium, and which aids in swimming on flowing water.
synthlipsis: minimum interocular distance.
tegmen: (pl., tegmina), tegminal, a forewing not differentiated into proximal coriaceous and distal membranous part, as for example in Enicocephalomorpha; see hemelytron.
third valvulae: a sheathlike structure of the ovipositor, fused with second valifers, absent in all Pentatomomorpha.
traumatic insemination: in many Cimicoidea and some Nabidae, puncturing body wall or wall of inner genitalia by phallus during mating, and deposition of sperm outside usual reproductive tract.
trichobothrium: (pl., trichobothria), specialized, slender, hairlike, sensory setae arising from and including tubercles or pits (bothria) on many body regions and appendages in Heteroptera; see bothrium.
trichomes: modified hairs present on certain myrmecophilous insects which give off secretions that ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) imbibe, e.g., base of abdomen in Holoptilinae (Reduviidae).
Trichophora: those members of Heteroptera with trichobothria on pregenital abdominal sterna, i.e., Pentatomomorpha less Aradidae.
Trochalopoda: that grouping of Heteroptera in which posterior coxae are nearly globose and articulation is a ball and socket joint; see Pagiopoda.
trypanosomiasis: a disease caused by infection with Trypanosoma (Trypanosomatidae), transmitted by Triatominae (Reduviidae); see Chagas' Disease.
tylus: (pl., tyli), distal part of clypeus; anteclypeal region.
tymbal: in some Heteroptera, a sound producing membrane on abdominal segment 1 or segments 1 and 2.
tympanal organ: organ sensitive to vibrations, on mesothorax of some Nepomorpha.
unguitractor plate: sclerite lying between bases of claws, with which bases of claws articulate distally, to which retractor tendon is attached proximally, and from which parempodia arise distally.
vagina: (pl., vaginae), ectodermal genital ducts distal to common oviduct.
vaginal pouch: variably formed pouch that may bear ringed glands, forming part of gynatrial complex.
valvifers: in female Heteroptera, 4 plates or blades, 2 from abdominal segment 8, 2 from abdominal segment 9, articulating on corresponding paratergites and bearing first and second valvulae, respectively.
valvula: the blades (in laciniate type) of the ovipositor, which in 2 pairs, form the egg laying apparatus, and which proximally attached to the body wall via one (or 2) pairs of corresponding rami.
ventral glands: glands located in metathorax of some Reduviidae, distinct from metathoracic scent glands.
ventral laterotergites: ventrally situated laterotergites, distinct from dorsal laterotergites but generally fused with sternum and usually bearing spiracles.
ventral lobe: in Gerromorpha, buccula, q.v.
ventral paratergites: ventral laterotergites, q.v.
ventral plate: in some male Enicocephalidae, fused genital plates.
ventral spine: in Pentatomoidea, a spinelike projection anteriorly from second or third true abdominal sternum, directed toward head and lying at times between coxae.
vermiform gland: in Cimicomorpha, an organ homologous with spermatheca but without sperm-storing function.
vesica: (pl., vesicae), distal part of an endosoma differentiated to form 2 segments; in Lygaeidae, disticonjunctiva, q.v.
water bug: member of infraorder Nepomorpha.
wing coupling mechanism: microtrichia-bearing structure at posteroventral margin of clavus of forewing, grasping leading edge of hind wing during expansion and flexion of wings and during flight.
wing-locking mechanism: in Euheteroptera, modification of costal margin of forewing and mesothorax to retain wing firmly in postion in repose (see frenum); see wing-coupling mechanism.
x organ: epipharyngeal sense organ, q.v.
xyphus: xiphus, a spinous triangular process of prosternum and/or mesosternum.
y organ: epipharyngeal sense organ, q.v.