References

• Andrews, J. D. 1984. Epizootiology of diseases of oysters (Crassostrea virginica ), and parasites of associated organisms in eastern North America. Helgol. Meersunters., 37: 149-166.
• Andrews, J. D., and Wood, J. L. 1967. Oyster mortality studies in Virginia. VI. History and distribution of Minchinia nelsoni , a pathogen of oysters, in Virginia. Chesapeake Sci. 8: 1-13
• Caullery M., and Mensnil, F. 1899. Sur le genera Aplosporidium (nov) et lÕ ordre nouveau des Aplosporidies. Comptes Rendus des Sˇances de la Societˇ de Biologie et de Ses Filiales 51: 789-791.
• Cavalier-Smith T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57: 953-994.
• Corliss, J. O. 1994. An interim utilitarian (Ņuser-friendlyÓ) hierarchical classification and characterization of the protists. Acta Protozoologica 33: 1-51.
• Desportes, I. and Nashed, N. 1983. Ultrastructure of sporulation in Minchinia dentali (Arvy), an haplosporean parasite of Dentalium entale (Scaphopoda, Mollusca); taxonomic implications. Protistologica 19: 435-460.
• Desportes, I. and Pekins, F. O. 1990. Phylum Paramyxea. In Handbook of Protoctista, L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian and D.J. Chapman, (eds.). Jones and Bartlett Publ., Boston, p. 30-35.
• Flores, B. S., Siddall, M. E., Stokes, N. A. and Burreson, E. M. 1996. Phylogeny of the Haplosporidia (Eukaryota: Alveolata) based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Journal of Parasitology. 82: 616-623.
• Fong, D., Chan, M. M.-Y., Rodriguez, R., Chen, C.-C., Liang, Y., Littlewood, D. T. J., and Ford, S. E. 1993a. Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence of the parasitic protozoan Haplosporidium nelsoni provides a molecular probe for the oyster MSX disease. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 62: 139-143.
• Ford, S. E. and Haskin, H. H. 1982. History and epizootiology of Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX), an oyster pathogen in Delaware Bay, 1957-1980. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40: 118-141.
• Haskin, H. H. and Andrews, J. D. 1988. Uncertainties and speculations about the life cycle of the eastern oyster pathogen Hapslosporidium nelsoni (MSX). Pp. 5-22 in W. S. Fisher ed., Disease processes in marine bivalve molluscs. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication No. 18.
• Ormi¸res, R. 1980. Haplosporidium parisi n. sp., Haplosporidie parasite de Serpula vermicularis L. ˇtude ultrastructurale de la spore. Protistologica 16: 467-474.
• Perkins, F. O. 1990. Phylum Haplosporidia. In Handbook of Protoctista, L. Margulis, J. O. Corliss, M. Melkonian and D.J. Chapman, (eds.). Jones and Bartlett Publ., Boston, p. 19-29.
• Perkins, F.O. 1991. ŅSporozoaÓ: Apicomplexa, Microsporidia, Haplosporidia, Paramyxea, Myxosporidia, and Actinosporidia. In Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 1, Protozoa, F. W. Harrison and J. O. Corliss, (eds.) Wiley-Liss, New York, p. 261-331.
• Perkins, F.O. 1996. Phylum Haplosporidia Caullery and Mesnil, 1899. In Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa 2nd. ed. Society of Protozoologists, (in press).
• Reece, K.S., Siddall, M. E., Graves, J. E., and Burreson, E. M. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of Perkinsus based on Actin Gene sequences. Journal of Parasitology.
• Siddall, M. E., Stokes, N. A. and Burreson, E. M. 1995. Molecular phylogenetic evidence that the phylum Haplosporidia has an alveolate ancestry. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 573-581.
• Siddall, M. E., K. S. Reece, J. E. Graves and E. M. Burreson. 1997. 'Total evidence' refutes the inclusion of Perkinsus species in the phylum Apicomplexa. Parasitology.
• Sogin, M. L., J. H. Gunderson, H. J. Elwood, R. A. Alonso, and D. A. Peattie. 1989. Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia . Science 243: 75-77.
• Sprague, V. 1963. Revision of genus Haplosporidium and restoration of genus Minchinia (Haplosporidia, Haplosporidiidae). Journal of Protozoology 10: 263-266.
• Sprague, V. 1970. Some protozoan parasites and hyperparasites in marine decopod Crustacea. In A Symposium on Diseases of Fishes and Shellfishes, S. F. Snieszko (ed.), American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 5: 416-430
• Sprague, V. 1979. Classification of the Haplosporidia. Marine Fisheries Review 41: 40-44.

Further Reading

• Andrews, J. D. 1979. Oyster disease in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Fisheries Review 41: 45-53.
• Andrews, J. D. 1984. Epizootiology of diseases of oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and parasites of associated organisms in eastern North America. Helgol. Meeressunters. 37:149-166.
• Andrews, J. D., and Frierman, M. 1974. Epizootiology of Minchinia nelsoni in susceptible wild oysters of Virginia, 1959 to 1971. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 24: 127-140.
• Caullery, M. 1953 Appendice aux Sporozoaires: Classe des haloposporidies (Haplosporidia Caullery et Mesnil 1899). Traitˇ de Zoologie I 2: 922-934.
• Couch, J. A. 1967. Concurrent haplosporidian infections of the oyster, Crassostrea virginia (Gmelin). Journal of Parasitology 53: 248-253.
• Couch, J. A. 1974. Pathological effects of Urosporidium (Haplosporidia) infection in microphallid metacercariae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 23: 389-396.
• Debaisieux. P. 1920. Haplosporidium (Minchinia) chitonis Lank., Haplosporidium nemertis, nov. so., et le groupe des Halposporidies. Cellule 30: 293-311.
• Dollfus, R. 1925. Liste critique desceracires marines a queue setigere singnalees jusqu' a present. Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Wimereux, t. 9: 3-65.
• Dollfus, R. 1946. Parasites internes de trematodes. In Encyclopˇdie Biologique, P. Lechevalier (ed). Paris, 27: 16-36.
• Hillman, R. E. 1978. The occurrence of Minchinia sp. Haplosporida, Haplodporididae) in species of the molluscan borer, Teredo, from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 31: 265-266.
• Hillman, R. E., Maciolek, N. J., Lahey, J. L., and Belmore, C. I. 1982. Effects of a haplosporidian parasite, Haplosporidium sp., on species of the molluscan woodborer Teredo in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40: 307-319.
• McGovern, E. R., and Burreson, E. M. 1990. Ultrastructure of Minchinia sp. spores from shipworms (Teredo spp.) in the western North Atlantic, with a discussion of the taxonomy of the Haplosporidiidae. Journal of Protozoology 37: 212-218.
• Ormi¸res, R., Sprague, V. & Bartoli, P. 1973. Light and electron microscope study of a new species of Urosporidium (Haplosporida), Hyperparasite of trematode sporocysts in the clam Abra ovata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 21: 71-86.
• Perkins, F. O. 1968. Fine structure of the oyster pathogen Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 10: 287-307.
• Perkins, F. O. 1969. Electron microscope studies of sporulation in the oyster pathogen Minchinia costalis (Sporozoa: Haplosporida). Journal of Parasitology 55: 897-920.
• Perkins, F. O. 1971. Sporulation in the trematode hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens Deturk, 1940 (Haplosporidia: Haplosporidiidae)- an electron microscope study. Journal of Parasitology 57: 9-23.
• Perkins, F. O. 1975. Fine structure of Minchinia sp. (Haplosporida) sporulation in the mud crab Panopeus herbstii. Marine Fisheries Review 37: 46-60.
• Perkins, F. O. 1988. Parasite morphology, strategy and evolution: structure of protistan parasites found in bivalve molluscs. American Society Special Publication 18: 93-111.
• Perkins, F.O., van Banning P. Surface ultrastructure of spores in three genera of Balanosporida, particularly in Minchinia armoricana van Banning. 1977-the taxonomic significance of spore wall ornamentation in the Balanosporida. Journal of Parasitology 67: 866-874.
• Perkins, F.O., Zwerner, D.E. and Dias, R.K. 1975. The hyperparasite, Urosporidium spisuli sp. n. (Haplosporea), and its effects on the surf clam industry. Journal of Parasitology 61: 944-949.
• Pixell-Goodrich, H. L. M. 1915. Minchinia: a haplosporidian. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London p. 445-57.
• Sprague, V. 1954. Protozoa. In Galtsoff, P. S., ed., Gulf of Mexico- its origin, waters and marine life. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. Fish. Bull. 55: 243-56.
• Sprague, V. 1966. Some problems relevant to biology and taxonomy of Haplosporidia. In A. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Parasitoloy, A. Corradetti (ed.) 1:449-450 Pergamon Press, London.

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