Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Odontophrynus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Odontophrynidae > Genus: Odontophrynus

11 species

Odontophrynus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 "1861", Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 3: 159. Type species: Odontophrynus cultripes Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862, by monotypy.

Hyperoodon Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 1. Type species: Hyperoodon asper Philippi, 1902, by monotypy. Preoccupied by Hyperoodon Lacèpéde, 1804 (Cetacea). Synonym with Paludicola Wagler by Boulenger, 1903, Zool. Rec., 39: 29. Considered a nomen dubium, possibly in Paludicola by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 513. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 266.

English Names

Escuerzos (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 82).

Distribution

Southern and eastern South America.

Comment

Savage and Cei, 1965, Herpetologica, 21: 178–195, reviewed the genus. Beçak and Beçak, 1974, J. Herpetol., 8: 337–341, discussed phylogeny in the genus. Cei, 1970, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 27: 181–192, suggested a distant relationship between Odontophrynus and the remaining ceratophryids (sensu stricto). Brandão and Batista, 2000, Iheringia, Zool., 89: 165–171, implied a relationship of Odontophrynus with Proceratophrys on the basis of larval morphology. Rosset, Baldo, Lanzone, and Basso, 2006, J. Herpetol., 40: 465–477, discussed the ranges of diploid and tetraploid members of the Odontophrynus americanus complex and noted an undescribed species in northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Paraguay, and southern Brazil, formerly confused with Odontophrynus cordobae. Amaro, Pavan, and Rodrigues, 2009, Zootaxa, 2071: 61–68, demonstrated that Macrogenioglottis is phylogenetically imbedded within Odontophrynus. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Macrogenioglottus is the sister taxon of Odontophrynus. Nascimento, Mott, Langone, Davis, and de Sá, 2013, Zootaxa, 3700: 140–158 reported on comparative larval morphology within the genus. Ferraro, Blotto, Baldo, Barrasso, Barrionuevo, Basso, Cardozo, Cotichelli, Faivovich, Pereyra, and Lavilla, 2018, in Vaira, Akmentins, and Lavilla (eds.), Cuad. Herpetol., 32 (Supl. 1): 17–19, noted the populations/species in Argentina require taxonomic elucidation. Martino, Dehling, and Sinsch, 2019, PeerJ, 7(e6480): 1–32, revised the genus and provided access to literature of calls, ecology, karyology, and life history. Cianciarullo, Bonini-Domingos, Vizotto, Kobashi, Beçak, and Beçak, 2019, Genet. Mol. Biol., 42: 436–444, reported on ploidy, genomic, morphological, and hemoglobin differentiation among allopatric populations in the Odontophrynus americanus complex, and suggested that additional work will likely result in the naming of additional lineages. Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Nomura, Morais, Guerra Batista, Santos, Andrade, Oliveira, Brandão, and Bastos, 2020, Guia Ident. Anf. Goiás e Dist. Fed. Brasil Central: 168, noted an unnamed species in Goiás, Brazil.

Contained taxa (11 sp.):

Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)

Odontophrynus asper (Philippi, 1902)

Odontophrynus carvalhoi Savage and Cei, 1965

Odontophrynus cordobae Martino and Sinsch, 2002

Odontophrynus cultripes Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862

Odontophrynus juquinha Rocha, Sena, Pezzuti, Leite, Svartman, Rosset, Baldo, and Garcia, 2017

Odontophrynus lavillai Cei, 1985

Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset, 2008

Odontophrynus monachus Caramaschi and Napoli, 2012

Odontophrynus reigi Rosset, Fadel, Guimarães, Carvalho, Ceron, Pedrozo, Serejo, Souza, Baldo, and Mângia, 2021

Odontophrynus toledoi Moroti, Pedrozo, Severgnini, Augusto-Alves, Dena, Martins, Nunes, and Muscat, 2022

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