Rhinella stanlaii (Lötters and Köhler, 2000)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella stanlaii

Bufo levicristatus Boettger, 1885, Z. Naturwiss., Halle, 58: 246. Types: 3 specimens (presumably originally SMF), by original designation. These specimen lost according to Axel Kwet in Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 274. ZISP 1422 is a surviving syntype according to Milto, 2010, Russ. J. Herpetol., 17: 257-258. Type locality: "Paraguay, Amer. merid." Synonymy with Rhinella ornata by Milto, 2010, Russ. J. Herpetol., 17: 257-258; with Rhinella scitula by Pereyra, Milto, Brusquetti, Kolenc, and Baldo, 2021, Zootaxa, 5023: 121 (who also discussed the reversal of precedence relative to Bufo scitulus).

Bufo laevicristatus — Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 19. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Bufo stanlaii Lötters and Köhler, 2000, Spixiana, München, 23: 295. Holotype: CBF 3346, by original designation; now ZSM 144/1999 according to Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 163. Type locality: "3.3 km on the road from San Onofre from the road from Cochabamba to Villa Tunari (17° 11′ S, 65° 45′ W), Provincia Chapare, Departamento Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1900 m above sea level".

Bufo scitulus Caramaschi and Niemeyer, 2003, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 501: 3. Holotype: MNRJ 25884, by original designation. Type locality: "BRASIL: MATO GROSSO DO SUL: Município de Bonito, Estância Mimosa (20°59′ S, 56° 31′ W, ca. 300 m de altitude)". Priority over Bufo levicristatus to be maintained under Article 23.9 of the ICZN, 1999, Internatl. Code Zool. Nomencl., Ed. 4. Synonymy with Rhinella stanlaii by Fouquet, Ferrão, Rodrigues, Werneck, Prates, Moraes, Hrbek, Chaparro, Lima, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Almeida, Gordo, Farias, Milto, Roberto, Rojas-Zamora, Ron, Guerra Batista, Recoder, Camacho, Mamani, Rainha, and Ávila, 2024, Syst. Biodiversity, 22 (1, 2291086): Appendix 2. 

Rhinella scitula — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

Rhinella stanlaii — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010, Zootaxa, 2339: 58. Holotype: UFMT 7430, by original desgination. Type locality: "'Parque Nacional do Pantanal' (17º51′12″S; 57º24′39″W), Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil". Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 63. Synonymy with Rhinella stanlaii by Fouquet, Ferrão, Rodrigues, Werneck, Prates, Moraes, Hrbek, Chaparro, Lima, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Almeida, Gordo, Farias, Milto, Roberto, Rojas-Zamora, Ron, Guerra Batista, Recoder, Camacho, Mamani, Rainha, and Ávila, 2024, Syst. Biodiversity, 22 (1, 2291086): Appendix 2. 

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Humid montane forest on the Amazonia versant of the Bolivian Andes in the departments of Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz, 1000–2300 m elevation; western drainage of the Paraguay River in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and in southeastern Paraguay near the border with Brazil, 100 to 700 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay

Comment

In Rhinella (as the Bufo typhonius complex) according to the original publication. See brief account by Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 86-87. Köhler, John, and Böhme, 2006, Salamandra, 42: 21–27, provided a record for the Yungas de La Paz region of La Paz Province, Bolivia. In the Rhinella margaritifera clade, Rhinella margaritifera group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156.  In the Rhinella margaritifera clade of Fouquet, Ferrão, Rodrigues, Werneck, Prates, Moraes, Hrbek, Chaparro, Lima, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Almeida, Gordo, Farias, Milto, Roberto, Rojas-Zamora, Ron, Guerra Batista, Recoder, Camacho, Mamani, Rainha, and Ávila, 2024, Syst. Biodiversity, 22 (1, 2291086): 1–29, and Appendix 2, documented the phylogenetic placement of this species and its morphological, acoustic, and molecular markers and argued that Rhinella scitula should be placed in the synonymy of Rhinella stanlaii

Comment attached to nominal Rhinella scitula as of 9 Feb 2024): In the Bufo margaritifer group according to the original publication. Maragno and Souza, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 216, provided the second record of the species and discussed the range. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 20–21, briefly discussed the range in Paraguay. Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010, Zootaxa, 2339: 58, provided a dot-map of the range and described external morphology and advertisement call (as Rhinella paraguayensis). Jansen, Bloch, Schulze, and Pfenninger, 2011, Zool. Scripta, 40: 567–583, implied that records of Rhinella margaritifer from Bolivia likely apply to Rhinella paraguayensis or a close cryptic relative. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 45, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. Sugai, Souza, Landgref, and Sczesny-Moraes, 2014, Check List, 10: 694–696, provided a number of new records and mapped the range. In the Rhinella margaritifera clade, Rhinella margaritifera group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Pereyra, Milto, Brusquetti, Kolenc, and Baldo, 2021, Zootaxa, 5023: 121–130, addressed the status of Bufo levicristatus and removed it from the synonymy of Rhinella ornata and placed it as a senior synonym of Rhinella scitulusSugai, Neves, Souza, and Santana, 2021, Cuad. Herpetol., 35: 5–11, reported on advertisement and release calls.   

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