Yunganastes bisignatus (Werner, 1899)

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* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
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Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
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AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Craugastoridae > Subfamily: Ceuthomantinae > Genus: Yunganastes > Species: Yunganastes bisignatus

Hylodes gollmeri var. bisignata Werner, 1899, Zool. Anz., 22: 483. Holotype: NHMW 16502, according to Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 21, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 25. Type locality: "Bolivia (Chaco)". Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 63, suggested that the type locality might be "Chaco in the Unduavi valley, Yungass de La Paz, 16° 21′ S, 67° 49′ W, at approximately 1850 m a.s.l.", Bolivia.

Eleutherodactylus gollmeri bisignatus — Stejneger, 1904, Annu. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. for 1902: 582-583, by implication.

Eleutherodactylus bisignatus — Parker, 1934, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 14: 267. Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 63.

Pristimantis bisignatus — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: Table 2.

Eleutherodactylus (Yunganastes) bisignatus — Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 217.

Pristimantis (Yunganastes) bisignatus — Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 128.

Yunganastes bisignatus — Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, and De la Riva, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 912.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Cloud forest in the vicinity of the type locality (Chaco in the Unduavi valley) of the Departmento La Paz, Bolivia, from Provincia Inquisivi to Provincia Nor Yungas, 1850-2700 m elevation.

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Eleutherodactylus fenestratus by Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 63, where it had been placed by Lynch, 1980, Am. Mus. Novit., 2696: 6. Heyer and Muñoz, 1999, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 112: 11, had considered this synonymy arguable. In the Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus group according to Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 63, who provided an account. De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 46, suggested that Eleutherodactylus bisignatus (= Hylodes gollmeri bisignata) is a distinct species but did not remove it from synonymy. Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 220-226, provided an account. See map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as Eleutherodactylus bisignatus) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 322.

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