Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bolitoglossa paraensis (Unterstein, 1930)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Plethodontidae > Subfamily: Hemidactyliinae > Genus: Bolitoglossa > Species: Bolitoglossa paraensis

Oedipus paraensis Unterstein, 1930, Zool. Anz., 87: 271. Holotype: ZMB 32907, now lost, according to Brame and Wake, 1963, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 69: XXX; Bauer, Good, and Günther, 1993, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 69: 299. MPEG 31682 designated neotype by Brcko, Hoogmoed, and Neckel-Oliveira, 2013, Zootaxa, 3686: 408. Type locality: "Sta. Isabel bei Para", Brazil. Neotype from "Sítio Semente Etérea, 01° 12’ 10,49” S, 48° 18’ 02,43” W, Vila do Carapuru, Municipality of Santa Isabel do Pará, state of Pará, Brazil, 30 m elevation". Gutsche, Tillack, and Mahlow, 2017, Zootaxa, 4282: 395–400, found the original holotype, redescribed it and set aside the neotype.

Eladinea estheri Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 8: 42. Syntypes: MNRJ 68 (4 specimens), according to Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 407. Type locality: "Utinga", near Belém do Pará, Brazil. Synonymy with Bolitoglossa paraensis by Parker, 1939, Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., Ser. 2, 2: 85-90; Parra-Olea, García-París, and Wake, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81: 336; in the synonymy of Bolitoglossa altamazonica of Brame and Wake, 1963, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 69: 13.

Bolitoglossa paraensis — Taylor, 1944, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 30: 219.

Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) paraensis — Parra-Olea, García-París, and Wake, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81: 325.

English Names

Para Mushroomtongue Salamander (Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 732).

Distribution

Known from the eastern part of the state of Pará, Brazil, in the west from the Pará river, and localities on both sides of the Guamá River, both southern affluents of the Amazon River, in the east close to the Atlantic coast and to the border with Maranhão, in the municipalities Barcarena, Belém, Bragança, Benevides, Canindé, Mojú, Ourém, Primavera, Santa Bárbara do Pará, Santa Isabel do Pará, and Tailândia, elevations from 10 to 40 m; possibly extending into Maranhão and Amapá. Unnamed allied species in Ecuador.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) adspersa group of Parra-Olea, García-París, and Wake, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81: 336, who removed it from the synonymy of Bolitoglossa altamazonica, where it had been placed by Brame and Wake, 1963, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 69: 13. Raffaëlli, 2007, Les Urodèles du Monde: 259, provided a brief account, photograph, and map, and who suggested that the status of Eladinea estheri needed to be reevaluated. Brcko, Hoogmoed, and Neckel-Oliveira, 2013, Zootaxa, 3686: 408-416, provided an account, redelimited the species, noted the possibility of a larger range, and noted the literature in which this species was confused with Bolitoglossa altamazonica. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 336, provided a brief account, photograph, and range map and discussed two possible unnamed cryptic species in the complex. Elmer, Bonett, Wake, and Lougheed, 2013, BMC Evol. Biol., 13(59): 1–16, noted two unnamed but allied species in Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. Gutsche, Tillack, and Mahlow, 2017, Zootaxa, 4282: 395–400, reescribed the original holotype. Correa and Rodrigues, 2017, Salamandra, 53: 445–450, discussed the microhabitats distribution of the species in Gunma Ecological Park, Pará, Brazil. Note that the sequence assigned to Bolitoglossa paraensis (Acre, Brazil) by Parra-Olea, García-París, and Wake, 2004, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 81Parra: 325–346, was assigned by Brcko, Hoogmoed, and Neckel-Oliveira, 2013, Zootaxa, 3686: 401–431. For comparison of morphometric and dentition characters of Bolitoglossa altamazonica, Bolitoglossa peruviana, Bolitoglossa caldwellae, Bolitoglossa paraensis, Bolitoglossa palmata, and Bolitoglossa awafun, see Cusi, Gagliardi-Urrutia, Brcko, Wake, and von May, 2020, Zootaxa, 4834: Tables 6–7. Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 732–733, provided an account summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map).

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.