Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Leptodactylidae > Subfamily: Leiuperinae > Genus: Pleurodema > Species: Pleurodema bibroni

Pleurodema Bibroni Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 85. Type(s): Syntypes in MNHNP (several, not traced yet nor mentioned in MNHNP online database of specimens) according to Ortiz and Lescure, 1990 "1989", Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 11: 117, and RMNH 2277 (a specimen of Pleurodema thaul), which was referred to by Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 85 as "Syn. Bombinator occellatus Mus. Lugd." according to M.S. Hoogmoed In Cannatella, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 255 who noted that this specimen is from Valparaíso, Chile, not Monte-Video as given in the original publication. Tschudi did not explicitly mention specimens from the MNHNP. MNHNP 4501 designated lectotype by Ortiz and Lescure, 1990 "1989", Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 11: 118, who provided an extensive discussion. Ferraro, 2015, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 10: 63–66, reported on the morphology of the specimen suggested that RMNH 2277 is not a type and concurred with Hoogmoed's earler determination that it represents a specimen of Pleurodema thaul. Type locality: "America merid. (Monte-Video)". Ortiz and Lescure, 1990 "1989", Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 11: 118, noted the lectotype to come from "Buenos Ayres", Argentina. Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 92, suggested the type locality, apparently in error, to be "Chile (Penco, Concepción)", Chile.

Bombinator ocellatus Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 85. Name proposed as an objective synonym of Pleurodema bibroni to reference jar label names of the types in the RMNH.

Bombinator ocellatus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 410. Substitute name for Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838.

Pleurodema darwinii Bell, 1843, Zool. Voyage Beagle, Part 5: 36. Type(s): Not stated, including BMNH 1947.2.17.84 (formerly 1926.10.22.3), according to BMNH records. Type locality: "Maldonado, near the mouth of the river La Plata", Uruguay". Synonymy by Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 31; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 233; Donoso-Barros, 1969, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepción, 41: 162. (Recognized as distinct by Gallardo, 1968, Physis, Buenos Aires, 28: 140.)

Pleurodema granulosum Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: 95. Syntypes: 2 specimens, presumably in the MNCN; given as MNCN 1685-1686 by González-Fernández, 2006, Graellsia, 62: 136, and González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 276. Type locality: "Montevideo", Uruguay; given as "Cercanías de Montevideo, (Canelones, Uruguay)" by González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 276. Synonymy by Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 217. Formerly considered a synonym of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 233, and Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 345. Transferred to this synonymy by XXX.

Paludicola darwinii — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 231.

Paludicola bibronii — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 231.

Pleurodema darwinii — Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 496; Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 474; Gallardo, 1968, Physis, Buenos Aires, 28: 135.

Pleurodema bibroni var. brevipes Philippi In Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 273. Nomen nudum. Unpublished figure (Plate 9, fig. 6) from Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile, published in 1958, so therefore not a description by indication. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Santiago", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 265–288.

Pleurodema brevipes — Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 275.

English Names

Four-eyed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 84).

Distribution

Southern half of Uruguay (with an isolated record in extreme northern Uruguay), southwestern Paraná and northeastern Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Concepcion Province (Paraguay), and presumably in at least the western part of Santa Catarina, Brazil. 0–1100 m elevation; presumably to be found in intervening northeastern Argentina.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

Likely/Controversially Present: Argentina

Comment

This species was long confused with Pleurodema thaul, until the work of Donoso-Barros, 1969, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepción, 41: 161–62. See Braun, 1973, Iheringia, Zool., 44: 28–31, for Brazilian distribution. See Barrio, 1977, Physis, Buenos Aires, 37: 311–331, for review, distribution, and biology. See comment under Pleurodema kriegi. Duellman, 1993, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 21: 128, suggested that the generic name is neuter. See brief account by Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 197–199. Achaval and Olmos, 2003, Anf. Rept. Uruguay, ed. 2: 33, provided a brief account and photograph for the Uruguay population. Natale and Maneyro, 2008, Check List, 4: 47–49, reported on recently-collected specimens (the first since 1982). See statement of geographic range, habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 623. Kolenc, Borteiro, Baldo, Ferraro, and Prigioni, 2009, Zootaxa, 1969: 1–35, reported on larval morphology and provided a distribution map. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 108, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. Trein, Lima, Ulandowski, and Morato, 2014, Check List, 10: 417–418, provided a range extension to Paraná, Brazil. See account by Maneyro, Langone, and Carreira, 2019, in Maneyro, Langone, and Carreira (eds.), Libro Rojo Anf. Rept. Uruguay: 97–101, for Uruguay.

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