Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Heterixalus betsileo (Grandidier, 1872)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hyperoliidae > Subfamily: Hyperoliinae > Genus: Heterixalus > Species: Heterixalus betsileo

Eucnemis betsileo Grandidier, 1872, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Ser. 5, 15: 10. Syntypes: MNHNP 1895.267 (2 specimens), according to Guibé, 1950 "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 57. Type locality: "Pays de Betsileo", Madagascar.

Rappia betsileo — Günther, 1874, Zool. Rec., 9: 81, by implication; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 471.

Hyperolius betsileo — Boettger, 1879, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 11: 42.

Hyperolius renifer Boettger, 1881, Zool. Anz., 4: 46. Types: originally in UMB, probably lost, according to Glaw and Vences, 1992, Fieldguide Amph. Rept. Madagascar: 277. Type locality: "insula Madagascar"; restricted to "Bezirk Imerina zwischen 47 und 48° O., L. in ungefähr 19° S.", Madagascar, by H. Ludwig IN Boettger, 1882, Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Bremen, 7: 178. Synonymy by Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 87; Blommers-Schlösser, 1982, Beaufortia, 32: 2.

Rappia renifer — Boulenger, 1882, Zool. Rec., 18: 14, by implication; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 120.

Rappia renifera — Boettger, 1913, in Voeltzkow (ed.), Reise Ost-Afr., 3(4): 278.

Hyperolius friedrichsi Ahl, 1930, Zool. Anz., 90: 67. Holotype: ZMB unnumbered according to the original publication; ZMB 30637, according to Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 90 (rediscovered by Glaw and Vences, 1992, Fieldguide Amph. Rept. Madagascar: 271). Type locality: "Antananarivo, Madagaskar". Thought to be a Boophis by Blommers-Schlösser, 1982, Beaufortia, 32: 1. Synonymy by Glaw and Vences, 1992, Fieldguide Amph. Rept. Madagascar: 271; Glaw and Vences, 1993, Salamandra, 29: 223.

Megalixalus betsileo — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 426. Laurent, 1943, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., 19: 2.

Megalixalus renifer — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 429.

Megalixalus (Heterixalus) betsileo — Laurent, 1944, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 38: 112.

Heterixalus betsileo — Laurent, 1950, Explor. Parc Natl. Albert, Miss. G.F. de Witte (1933–1935), 64: 14, by implication; Liem, 1970, Fieldiana, Zool., 57: 111.

Heterixalus renifer — Laurent, 1950, Explor. Parc Natl. Albert, Miss. G.F. de Witte (1933–1935), 64: 14, by implication; Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 87.

English Names

Betsileo Reed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 66).

Distribution

Swamps and rice fields in the central highlands of Madagascar.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Madagascar

Endemic: Madagascar

Comment

Eucnemis betsileo was considered a nomen dubium by Guibé, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 11: 87, but recognized by Blommers-Schlösser, 1982, Beaufortia, 32: 1-11. Glaw and Vences, 2007, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Madagascar, Ed. 3: 102, provided an account. Rodriguez, Börner, Pabijan, Gehara, Haddad, and Vences, 2015, Evol. Ecol., 29: 765–785 (and supplemental data), reported on phylogeographic diversity and its causes. Tillack, de Ruiter, and Rödel, 2021, Zoosyst. Evol., Berlin, 97: 423, briefly discussed the collector and collecting locality of the holotype of Hyperolius friedrichsi.

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For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.