Bufonidae Gray, 1825

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae
655 species

Bufonina Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 214. Type genus: Bufo Laurenti, 1768.

BufonoideaFitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 37 (explicit family); Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 228; Wied-Neuwied, 1865, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 32: 121; Laurent, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22: 207; Lynch, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 162; Duellman, 1975, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 42: 5.

BufonideaFitzinger, 1826, Isis von Oken, 20: 264.

BufonesWiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 202; Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26; Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 146.

BufoniniBonaparte, 1835, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 14): unnumbered (although "124" in left hand lower corner).

BufoninaBonaparte, 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 1: 393; Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 100 (p. 11 of offprint).

BufonidaeBell, 1839, Hist. Brit. Rept.: 105.

BufoidaeSwainson, 1839, Nat. Hist. Fishes Amph. Rept., 2: 88.

BufoniformesDuméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: plate opposite page 53, 640. Explicit family-group name.

Bufonoidea — Holbrook, 1842, N. Am. Herpetol., Ed. 2, 4: 74. Family. 

Atelopoda Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Type genus: Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841. Synonymy by Duellman and Lynch, 1969, Herpetologica, 25: 239; McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 52; and Trueb, 1971, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 216: 1-40.

BufoniaGravenhorst, 1845, Das Thierreich: 43.

Phryniscidae Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 346. Type genus: Phryniscus Wiegmann, 1834. Synonymy by implication of Boulenger, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 14: 374.

AtelopodesFitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414.

Adenomidae Cope, 1861 "1860", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12: 371. Type genus: Adenomus Cope, 1861. Synonymy ; by implication of synonymy of Adenomus with Bufo) by Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358; Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 421; and Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 281.

BufonidesBruch, 1862, Würzb. Naturwiss. Z., 3: 221.

BufonidaHaeckel, 1866, Gen. Morphol. Organ., 2: cxxxii.

PhryniscinaMivart, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869: 288. Explicit subfamily.

Dendrophryniscina Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 65. Type genus: Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870. Treatment as a subfamily of Bufonidae by Gadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139; subsequently ignored.

DendrophryniscidaeJiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 65.

BufonidaKnauer, 1878, Naturgesch. Lurche: 109; Bayer, 1885 "1884", Abh. K. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Prague, 12: 18.

BufoniidaeBoulenger, 1893, Zool. Rec., 29: 39.

BufonidiAcloque, 1900, Fauna de France, 1: 489.

DendrophryniscinaeGadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139.

Platosphinae Fejérváry, 1917, Földtani Közlöny, Budapest, 47: 147. Type genus: Platosphus d'Isle, 1877. Synonymy by Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 122.

BufoninaeFejérváry, 1917, Földtani Közlöny, Budapest, 47: 148.

Bufavidae Fejérváry, 1920, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici, 18: 30. Type genus: Bufavus Portis, 1885. Fossil taxon. Synonymy by implication of Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 125.

BufonidaeMiranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19.

Tornierobatidae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19. Type genus: Tornierobates Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926. Synonymy by Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 15.

DendrophryniscidaeMiranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19.

AtelopodidaeParker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 8; Davis, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 91; Gallardo, 1961, 1° Reunion Trab. Comun. Cienc. Nat. Geograf., Univ. Nac. Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina: 205.

AtelopodinaeDavis, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 91.

Nectophrynidae Laurent, 1942, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., 18: 6. Type genus: Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875. Synonymy by Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27.

NectophrynoidiniDubois, 1982, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 16: 50. Type genus: Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926.

TornierobatinaeDubois, 1983, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 52: 273.

AdenominaeDubois, 1983, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 52: 273.

TornierobatiniDubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 25.

NectophryniniDubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27.

Stephopaedini Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27. Type genus: Stephopaedes Channing, 1978.

BufoniniDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 151. Tribe. 

Atelopodina — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 155 Subtribe. 

Amazophrynellinia Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 156. Type genus: Amazophrynella Fouquet et al., 2012. Infratribe. 

BufoniniaDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 156. Infratribe. 

Bufoninoa — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 156. Hypotribe. 

Bufonites — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 156. Clan. 

Bufonities — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 157. Subclan. 

Bedukityes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 158. Type genus: Beduka Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021. Catoclan. 

Adenomitoes —  Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 158. Infraclan. Attributed to Cope, 1861. 

Adenomitues — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 159. Hypoclan. Attributed to Cope, 1861. 

Adenomityes — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 159. Catoclan. Attributed to Cope, 1861. 

Pedostibitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 160. Type genus: Pedostibes Günther, 1876. Hypoclan. 

Ansoniitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 160. Type genus: Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870. Infraclan. 

Ansoniitues — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 161. Hypoclan. 

Barbarophrynitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 161. Type genus: Barbarophryne Beukema et al., 2013. Hypoclan. 

Blairitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 161. Type genus: Blaira Dubois, Ohler, and Pryon, 2021. Hypoclan. 

Ingerophrynitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 162. Type genus: Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006. Hypoclan. 

Rentapiitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 162. Type genusL Rentapia Chan et al., 2016. Hypoclan. 

Bufonitoes — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 163. Infraclan. Attributed to Gray, 1825. 

Bufotitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 163. Type genus: Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815. Infraclan. 

Nectophrynitoes — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 163. Infraclan. Attributed to Laurent, 1942. 

Epidaleitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 163. Type genus: Epidalea Cope, 1864. Hypoclan.  

Leptophrynitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 164. Type genus: Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843. Hypoclan. 

Nectophrynitues — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 164. Hypoclan. Attributed to Laurent, 1942. 

Sabahphrynitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 164. Type genus: Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007. Infraclan. 

Strauchbufonitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 165. Type genus: Strauchbufo Fei, Yang, and Jiang, 2012. 

Tornieriobatitoes — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 165. Infraclan. Attributed to Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926. 

Schismadermatitues Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 165. Type genus: Schismaderma Smith, 1849. Hypoclan. 

TornierobatituesDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Hypoclan. Attributed to Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926.

Phryniscities Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Subclan. Attributed to Günther, 1858.

Anaxyritoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Type genus: Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845. Infraclan. 

PhyniscitoesDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Infraclan. Attributed to Günther, 1858. 

StephopaeditiesDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Subclan. 

Capenisbufonitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 166. Type genus: Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1838. Infraclan. 

Sclerophryitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 167. Type genus: Sclerophrys Tschudi, 1818. Infraclan.

StephopaeditoesDubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 167. Infraclan. 

Vandijkophrynitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 167. Type genus: Vandijkophryne Frost et al., 2006. Infraclan. 

Adenomitoes Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 168. Type genus: Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843. Clan. 

Peltophrynites Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 168. Type genus: Rhaebo Fitzinger, 1843. Clan. 

Rhaeboites Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 168. Type genus: Rhaebo Fitzinger, 1843. Clan. 

Nannophryninoa Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 168. Type genus: Nannophryne Günther, 1870. Hypotribe. 

Dendrophryniscinia — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 168. Infratribe. Atttributed to Jimenez de la Espada, 1870. 

Oreophrynellina Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 169. Type genus: Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895. Infratribe. 

Osornophrynina Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 169. Type genus: Osornophryne Ruíz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976. Subtribe. 

Frostiini Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 169. Type genus: Frostius Cannatella, 1986. Tribe. 

Melanophryniscinae Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 170. Type genus: Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961. Subfamily. 

Nomina inquirenda - Name(s) unassigned to a living or extinct population

Rana marginata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 212. Types: Not designated; although Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 30, notes specimens in "Museo regio suecico", presumably available to Linnaeus. Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 54, regarded this taxon to be synonymous with his Rana typhonia (= Leptodactylus fuscus). (See Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto for access to NHRM type.) Type locality: "Indiis". Andersson considered one specimen from the Linnaean collection to be Linnaeus' Rana marginata, and synonymous with Bufo molitor Tschudi and Bufo andianus Cope. However, this name has not been used subsequently and sufficient ambiguities exist in Andersson's discussion to render this name a nomen dubium. Lönnberg, 1896, Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 22: 35, considered the taxon unidentifiable. * Bufo marginatusAndersson, 1900, Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26: 25.

Bufo siamensis Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 231. Type(s): By indication frog(s) mentioned in "Turpin Histoire civile et naturelle de Siam I page 256". Type locality: "Siam" (= Thailand).

Bufo arboreus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 231. Type(s): By indication including frog(s) mentioned in "Britanni Itinerarium exceptum in Promtuario physico Lichtenbergii Vol. III. P. III. page 77." Type locality: "Americae eiusdem septentrionalis".

Bufo panamensis Daudin in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 "An. X", Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 129. Type(s): MNHNP 742, according to Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 15. Type locality: "isthme de Panama".

Palaeophrynos Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 52. Type species: Palaeophrynos gessneri Tschudi, 1838. Fossil taxon. Synonymy with Bufo (sensu lato) by Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 12, and Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24. * PalaeophryneFitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Palaeophrynos Tschudi, 1838. 

Bufo melanogaster Hallowell, 1861 "1860", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12: 486. Holotype: Not stated or known to exist, presumably originally in ANSP. Type locality: "Nicaragua". Tentative synonymy with Rhaebo haematiticus by Villa, 1972, Anf. Nicaragua: 101, although he and Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146, regarded this taxon as a nomen dubium and Villa regarded it a nomen oblitum as well.

English Names

Toads (Fowler, 1907, Annu. Rep. N.J. State Mus. for 1906: 85; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: v).

True Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 35; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38; Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 144).

Distribution

Cosmopolitan except for the Australian, Madagascan, and Oceanic regions, although introduced widely.

Comment

Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, reviewed systematic literature, discussed phylogeny, and provided a taxonomy of bufonids, although because these authors partitioned Bufo (sensu lato), much of the literature of that nominal genus refers to taxa other than Bufo (sensu stricto). McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 1–66, discussed the relationships of the genera Atelopus, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, and Oreophrynella and reformulated the family to include much of the content of former Atelopodidae. Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976, Caldasia, 11: 93–148, discussed the relationships of the genera Atelopus, Crepidophryne, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, Oreophrynella, Osornophryne, and Rhamphophryne. Cruz and Peixoto, 1982, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 42: 627–629, discussed the relationships between Atelopus pernambucensis (now Frostius), Atelopus, and Dendrophryniscus. Pauly, Hillis, and Cannatella, 2004, Evolution, 58: 2517–2535, discussed relationships among New World bufonids. Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 197–205, discussed the relationships of Frostius, Atelopus, Osornophryne, Oreophrynella, Melanophryniscus, and Dendrophryniscus. Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 25, provisionally recognized five subfamilies: Bufoninae (for Bufo), Atelopodinae (for Atelopus, Crepidophryne, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, Oreophrynella, Osornophryne, Peltophryne, and Rhamphophryne), Tornieriobatinae (containing three tribes—Nectophrynini [for Laurentophryne, Nectophryne, Werneria, and Wolterstorffina], Stephopaedini [for Stephopaedes, Mertensophryne, and Schismaderma], and Tornieriobatini [for Capensibufo, Didynamipus, and Nectophrynoides (sensu lato)]), Adenominae (for Ansonia, Bufoides, Leptophryne, Pedostibes, Pelophryne, and Pseudobufo [and without explaining where Adenomus was placed, then in the synonymy of Bufo]), and Allophryninae (now in Centrolenidae). These taxa were recognized on the basis of previously published evidence (e.g., Grandison, 1978, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 11: 119–172; Grandison, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 187–215; Wake, 1980, Copeia, 1980: 193–209), although some proposed groups (e.g., Dubois' Atelopodinae) are clearly polyphyletic on the basis of literature published at the time. Accounts and keys to most of the genera (prior to the partition of Bufo) are supplied by Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 594–797. Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 105–133, discussed the evidence for the monophyly of various genera. Graybeal, 1997, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 119: 297–338, discussed a phylogeny of bufonids and did not recognize Dubois' subfamilies. Unfortunately, Graybeal presented only her molecular evidence and did not disclose the relevant morphological evidence. Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 56–61, provided a key to the species of southern Africa. Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 25–44, provided accounts and keys to the species of the Sunda Shelf. Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 157–213, discussed the species found in Argentina. Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 185–212, provide accounts and keys to the species of Costa Rica. Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 113–126, discussed the Chinese species. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 145–162, provided a key and accounts for the species of Nepal. Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 253–319, reviewed the nomenclature and taxonomy of Asian members of the Bufo viridis group (now Bufotes). Clarke, 2001, Afr. J. Herpetol., 50: 19–30, provided a critique of the systematics of African bufonids with discussion of the evidentiary basis of alternative viewpoints. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6–8, discussed the taxonomy of former "Bufo" insofar as it affects North American species. Because the implied combinations from that paper were unclear and provisional in text, the intention of the authors was verified by email correspondence (DRF); these authors intended world-wide application of their view, a view that if applied would require that most, if not all bufonid genera other than Melanophryniscus, Osornophryne, Atelopus, Truebella, and Dendrophryniscus, would be treated as subgenera of a hugely enlarged Bufo. Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 287, are the most recent authors to include the North American genera (Anaxyrus, Incilius, and Rhinella, as well as the extralimital Amietophrynus, Bufo, Bufotes, Capensibufo, Peltophryne, Stephopaedes, Torrentophryne, and Vandijkophrynus) as subgenera of Bufo in an attempt to maintain the North American status quo; like other authors who have suggested this, they ignore the fact that this synonymy requires under our current understanding of phylogeny that all Old World genera also be synonymized with Bufo, something that is unlikely to happen in any non-colonial world. Of course, Fouquette and Dubois (2014) may alternatively be comfortable with a paraphyletic Bufo, something certainly consistent with Dubois' publication record, but this would hardly represent a step forward. Matsui, Yambun Imbun, and Sudin, 2007, Zool. Sci., Tokyo, 24: 1159–1166, provided additional evidence for the polyphyly of "Bufo", with Ingerophrynus being in a clade with Sabahphrynus, Leptophryne, and Didynamipus; Duttaphrynus being likely closely related to Pelophryne, and Phrynoidis being the sister taxon of PedostibesSchneider and Sinsch, 2007, Basic & Appl. Herpetol.: 2893–2933, summarized and discussed the contributions of bioacoustic study to the systematics of the species within this group. Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 72–83, provided a phylogenetic hypothesis of Bufonidae and applied a monophyletic taxonomy. Díaz and Cádiz, 2008, Guía Taxon. Anf. Cuba: 1–294, provided accounts for the bufonids of Cuba. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 486–590, provided a key and accounts for the Chinese species. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1–10, provided an analysis of bufonid diversity, focused primarily on Asian diversity, that suggested that the New World component of diversity is paraphyletic with respect to the Old World component. This same tree is provided by Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679–682. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, largely confirmed the results of previous authors, although this is obscured by their explicit adoption of an out-dated and non-monophyletic taxonomy. See generic accounts for more information. Powell, Collins, and Hooper, 2011, Key Herpetofauna U.S. & Canada, 2nd Ed.: 38–42, provided a key to the genera and species of North America north of Mexico. Martín, Alonso-Zarazaga, and Sanchíz, 2012, Graellsia, 68: 159–180, discussed the allocation of fossils previously associated with the name Bufo, but referable to other currently-recognized genera. Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch, and Lathrop, 2013, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 125: 317–578, provided identification keys and accounts for the species in Guyana. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 246–274, provided accounts, photographs, and range maps for Chinese taxa. Oliver-López, Woolrich-Piña, and Lemos-Espinal, 2009, Fam. Bufonidae Mex., reviewed the species of Mexico. Vitt and Caldwell, 2014, Herpetology, 4th Ed., provided a summary of life history, diagnosis, and taxonomy. Brandvain, Pauly, May, and Turelli, 2014, Genetics, 197: 743–747, constrained the paraphyletic "Bufo" by excluding all genera that render it paraphyletic, then reported on relative branch lengths of within the tree and tested whether these were correlated with F1 viability. Portik and Papenfuss, 2015, BMC Evol. Biol., 15 (152): 1–19, provided a molecular phylogeny of bufonids that largely corroborated the current generic taxonomy, but suggested that Pedostibes as currently understood is nonmonophyletic and by excluding Incilius bocourti avoided a strong test of its monophyly. Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 737–824, reviewed the species of China. Liedtke, Müller, Rödel, Menegon, Gonwouo, Barej, Gvoždík, Schmitz, Channing, Nagel, and Loader, 2016, Evolution, 70: 1717–1733, provided a discussion of lineage and life history diversification of the genera in the family, with special reference to the African clade. Streicher, Miller, Guerrero, Correa-Quezada, Ortiz, Crawford, Pie, and Wiens, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 119: 128–143, provided a large molecular tree suggesting that Bufonidae is the sister taxon of Odontophrynidae, compared their tree to previous hypotheses, and found Odontophrynidae is a member of a large monophyletic group, termed Commutibirana, composed of Brachycephaloidea, Allophrynidae, Centrolenidae, Dendrobatoidea, Leptodactylidae, Odontophrynidae, and Bufonidae. Kok, Ratz, MacCulloch, Lathrop, Dezfoulian, Aubret, and Means, 2018, J. Biogeograph., 45: 26–36, discussed the biogeography of the atelopodid genera with reference to a general hypothesis of bufonid evolution. Chan and Grismer, 2019, BMC Evol. Biol., 19(95): 1–12, discussed methodological and theoretical difficulties with ascertaining the number of species in Southeast Asian Bufonidae, noting several examples of species complexes and possible named species that warrant being synonymized. O'Donohoe, Luna, Regueira, Brunetti, Basso, Lynch, Pereyra, and Hermida, 2019, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 187: 453–478, reported on the evolution of the parotoid macrogland. Elias-Costa, Araujo-Vieira, and Faivovich, 2021, Cladistics, 37: 498–517, discussed the evolution of submandibular musculature optimized on the tree of Jetz and Pyron, 2018, Nature Ecol. & Evol., 2: 850–858, which provided morphological synapomorphies of this taxon. Barcelos and Santos, 2023, Paleodivers. Palaeoenvironm., 103: 341–405, reviewed the fossil localities and the literature of the fossil history of this group in South America. Dias and Anganoy-Criollo, 2024, Sci. Nature, 111(3): 1–20, discussed larval morphological evolution within the family, with special reference to the species of Atelopus

Contained taxa (655 sp.):

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.