Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Alytes Wagler, 1830

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Alytidae > Genus: Alytes

6 species

Alytes Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 206. and Wagler, 1830, Descript. Icon. Amph., Livr. 2: 11. Type species: Bufo obstetricans Laurenti, 1768, by monotypy.

Obstetricans Dugès, 1834, Rech. Osteol. Myol. Batr.: 7. Type species: Bufo obstetricans Laurenti, 1768, by tautonomy. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 448.

Ammoryctis Lataste, 1879, C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci., Paris, 88: 983. Type species: Alytes cisternasii Boscá, 1879, by monotypy. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 448. Regarded as a subgenus of Alytes by Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 12.

Baleaphryne Sanchíz and Adrover, 1979 "1977", Doñana, Acta Vert., 4: 6. Type species: Baleaphryne muletensis Sanchíz and Adrover, 1977, by original designation. Synonymy by Clarke, 1984, in Alcover (ed.), Hist. Bioògica Ferreret: 45–59, and Maxson and Szymura, 1985 "1984", Amphibia-Reptilia, 5: 248. Regarded as a subgenus of Alytes by Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 12.

English Names

Midwife Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 50; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 51).

Distribution

Europe, with the exception of the northern and eastern part; northwestern Africa.

Comment

Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 12, recognized 3 monotypic (at the time) subgenera: Alytes, Baleaphryne, and Ammoryctis. Arntzen and García-París, 1995, Bijdr. Dierkd., 65: 5-34, Arntzen and García-París, 1997, Bijdr. Dierkd., 66: 263–268, and Altaba, 1997, Bijdr. Dierkd., 66: 257–262, discussed phylogeny and biogeography. Martínez-Solano, Gonçalves, Arntzen, and García-París, 2004, J. Biogeograph., 31: 603–618, provided a comprehensive revision and phylogenetic analysis of the genus, providing a corroborated topology of Alytes cisternasii (Alytes obstetricans (Alytes maurus (Alytes dickhilleni + Alytes muletensis)))). Fromhage, Vences, and Veith, 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 31: 308-322, reported on phylogeography of the genus in the western Mediterranean region based on neighbor-joining trees of mtDNA, suggesting a phylogeny of Alytes cisternasii ((Alytes dickhilleni (Alytes muletensis + Alytes maurus)) (Alytes boscai + Alytes obstetricans)). Gonçalves, Martínez-Solano, Ferrand de Almeida, and García-París, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 44: 494-500, reported on phylogenetics, discordance between mtDNA and nuDNA signal, and apparent hybridization among species in the Iberian Peninsula. Maia-Carvalho, Gonçalves, Ferrand de Almeida, and Martínez-Solano, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 79: 270–278, reported on molecular phylogenetics and suggested a tree of Alytes cisternasii + (Alytes obstetricans + (Alytes muletensis + (Alytes maurus + Alytes dickhilleni))). Martínez-Gil, Martínez-Freiría, Perera, Enriquez-Urzelai, Martínez-Solano, Velo-Antón, and Kaliontzopoulou, 2022, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 135: 462–477, examined, within a phylogenetic framework, phenotypic and climatic diversity of the species. Ambu, Martínez-Solano, Suchan, Hernandez, Wielstra, Crochet, and Dufresnes, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 183 (107783): 1–8, discussed mt- and nuDNA discordance in the phylogenetics of the group and arrived at a phylogeny of Alytes cisternasii + ((Alytes almogavarii + Alytes obstetricans) + (Alytes maurus + (Alytes dickehilleni + Alytes muletensis))). Martínez-Gil, Martínez-Freiría, Perera, Enriquez-Urzelai, Martínez-Solano, Velo-Antón, and Kaliontzopoulou, 2022, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 135: 462–477, examined, within a phylogenetic framework, phenotypic and climatic diversity of the species.

Contained taxa (6 sp.):

Alytes almogavarii Arntzen and García-París, 1995

Alytes cisternasii Boscá, 1879

Alytes dickhilleni Arntzen and García-París, 1995

Alytes maurus Pasteur and Bons, 1962

Alytes muletensis (Sanchíz and Adrover, 1979)

Alytes obstetricans (Laurenti, 1768)

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