Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Proteidae > Genus: Necturus > Species: Necturus maculosus

Proteé tétradactyle Lacépède, 1807, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10: 233. Holotype: in MNHNP by original designation. Type locality: Not stated. Synonymy (as Proteus tetradactylus) with Triton lateralis by Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 209, and by Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 97 (under Menobranchus lateralis); Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 66. A nomen oblitum under Art. 23.9.1.1 of the International Code (1999). 

Sirena maculosa Rafinesque, 1818, Am. Month. Mag. Crit. Rev., 4: 41. Type(s): Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: "Found in the Ohio [River]", USA.

Proteus tetradactylus — Green, 1818, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1: 358. Latinization of Proteé tétradactyle Lacepede, 1807. 

Necturus maculatusRafinesque, 1819, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts, 88: 417. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Necturus maculosusRafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, 1: 4.

Necturus luteus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, 1: 4. Type(s): Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: "the Ohio [River]", USA. Synonymy by Baird, 1850 "1849", J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1: 291; Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 67. Regarded as a nomen nudum by Brame and Gorham, 1972, Checklist Living & Fossil Salamand. World (Unpubl. MS): 36.

Necturus phosphoreus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, 1: 4. Type(s): Not designated. Type locality: "the Ohio [River]", USA. Synonymy by Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 67. Regarded as a nomen nudum by Brame and Gorham, 1972, Checklist Living & Fossil Salamand. World (Unpubl. MS): 36.

Phanerobranchus tetradactylus Leuckart, 1821, Isis von Oken, 9: 260. Based on "Sal. tetradactylus Lacep.", an unpublished name, not Proteus tetradactylus Green. Types: Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: Not designated. Presumably a substitute name for "Salamandra tetradactylus Lacepede". Provisionally placed in this synonymy although the diagnosis "Pedibus quatuor, omnibus tetradactylis" is insufficient to place the animal taxonomically—DRF.

Triton lateralis Say In James, 1822, Account Exped. Pittsburgh–Rocky Mts., 1: 5 (Philadelphia edition). Type(s): Not stated, although originally likely in the Philadelphia Mus. (not ANSP) and possibly now in MCZ. Type locality: "neighborhood of Pittsburgh", Pennsylvania, USA. Synonymy by Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 67; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 84.

Menobranchus lateralisHarlan, 1825, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 233; Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 148.

Menobranchus tetradactylusHarlan, 1825, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 233.

Menobranchus sayii Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 216. Type(s): Not stated, although presumably originally in BMNH. BMNH records have one unnumbered specimen that may be a type collected in 1822. Type locality: Not stated. Synonymy by Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 67; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 84.

Phanerobranchus cepedii Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 66. Type(s): Not stated, but presumably originally in NHMW although not noted in recent type lists. Type locality: North America. A substitute name for "Proteus tetradactylus Lacepede". Synonymy by Baird, 1850 "1849", J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1: 291; Gray, 1850, Cat. Spec. Amph. Coll. Brit. Mus., Batr. Grad.: 65; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 84.

Necturus tetradactylusWagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 210.

Necturus lateralisWagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 210; Jordan, 1878, Man. Vert. North. U.S., Ed. 2: 198.

Menobranchus lacepedii Gray in Cuvier, 1831, Animal Kingdom (Griffith), 9: 108. Substitute name for Phanerobranchus cepedii Fitzinger, 1826.

Hemitriton (Menobranchus) tetradactylusVan der Hoeven, 1833, Handb. Dierkd., 2: 305, by implication.

Menobranchus maculatusHolbrook, 1842, N. Am. Herpetol., Ed. 2, 5: 111.

Proteus canadensis Hodgkins, 1856, Canad. J. Indust. Sci. Art, 1: 22. Holotype: In the "Provincial Museum in the Normal School Building" (presumably now part of the ROM). Type locality: "Bay of Toronto, Lake Ontario", Ontario, Canada. Synonymy by XXX.

Siredon hyemalis Kneeland, 1857, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 152. Syntypes: Desposition not noted or known to exist. Type locality: "Lake Superior . . . . Portage Lake", presumably in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Synonymy by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13.

Necturus maculatusBoulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 84.

Menobranchus latastei Garnier, 1888, Proc. Canad. Inst., Toronto, Ser. 3, 5: 218. Syntypes: Not stated; including USNM 22331–32 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 16. Type locality: "Maitland river", Ontario, Canada. Synonymy by Cope IN Garnier, 1888, Proc. Canad. Inst., Toronto, Ser. 3, 5: 218.

Necturus lateralis var. latastei —Cope In Garnier, 1888, Proc. Canad. Inst., Toronto, Ser. 3, 5: 218.

Necturus maculosus maculosusBrimley, 1924, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 40: 167.

Necturus maculosus stictus Bishop, 1941, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 451: 9. Holotype: UMMZ 89765, by original designation. Type locality: "Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin", USA.

Necturus maculosus walkeri Brode, 1970, Dissert. Abstr. Internatl., Ser. B, 30: 5288. Types: Not designated. Type locality: "north-central Alabama", USA. Nomen nudum.

Necturus (Necturus) maculosusDubois and Raffaëlli, 2012, Alytes, 28: 147.

English Names

Banded Proteus (Menobranchus lateralis [no longer recognized]: De Kay, 1842, Zool. New York, 1(3): 87).

Lake Siren (Necturus lateralis [no longer recognized]: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 20).

Proteus (Necturus lateralis [no longer recognized]: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 20; ).

Water Dog (Necturus maculosusBrimley, 1907, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 23: 150).

Water-dog (Necturus lateralis [no longer recognized]: Jordan, 1878, Man. Vert. North. U.S., Ed. 2: 198; Davis and Rice, 1883, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1: 26).

Waterdog (Necturus maculatus: Hay, 1892, Annu. Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana for 1891: 418).

Gilled Salamander (Necturus maculatus: Hay, 1892, Annu. Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana for 1891: 418).

Waterdog (Necturus maculosus: Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept.: 5; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 174).

Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus: Rhoads, 1895, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 47: 406; Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept.: 5; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 7; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 34; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 25; Tilley, Highton, and Wake, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 28; Highton, Bonett, and Jockusch, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 30).

Mud-puppy (Necturus lateralis [no longer recognized]: Jordan, 1878, Man. Vert. North. U.S., Ed. 2: 198; Davis and Rice, 1883, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1: 26).

Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus: Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 8; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 15).

Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus: Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 25; Tilley, Highton, and Wake, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 19; Tilley, Highton, and Wake, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 28; Highton, Bonett, and Jockusch, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 30).

Waterdog (Necturus maculosus maculosus: Bishop, 1943, Handb. Salamanders: 40; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13).

Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus: Bishop, 1943, Handb. Salamanders: 40; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 174; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 7; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 34).

Wisconsin Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus stictus: Bishop, 1943, Handb. Salamanders: 43).

Lake Winnebago Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus stictus: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 13; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 175; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 7).

Northern Mudpuppy (Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 479).

Distribution

Southeastern Manitoba east to southern Quebec, Canada, south to Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, west through Michigan, northern Indiana and northern Ohio, Illinois, to  to southern Illinois, central Missouri, south-central Kansas, USA. 

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Canada, United States of America, United States of America - Connecticut, United States of America - Illinois, United States of America - Indiana, United States of America - Iowa, United States of America - Kansas, United States of America - Massachusetts, United States of America - Michigan, United States of America - Minnesota, United States of America - Missouri, United States of America - New York, United States of America - North Dakota, United States of America - Ohio, United States of America - South Dakota, United States of America - Wisconsin

Comment

See Walley, 2002, Herpetol. Rev., 33: 60, for discussion of Iowa population. Hanke, 2008, Herpetol. Rev., 39: 231, provided a northern range extension in Manitoba, Canada. Petranka, 1998, Salamand. U.S. Canada: 425–429, provided an account that treated Necturus louisianensis as a subspecies. Matson, 2005, in Lannoo (ed.), Amph. Declines: 870–871, provided a detailed account that summarized the biology and conservation literature, in the sense of including Necturus louisianensis as a subspecies. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 219, provided a brief account, photograph, and map. Altig and McDiarmid, 2015, Handb. Larval Amph. US and Canada: 128–129, provided an account of larval morphology and biology in the sense of including Necturus louisianensis as a subspecies. Chabarria, Murray, Moler, Bart, Crother, and Guyer, 2018, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 56: 352–363, redelimited the species to exclude much of the range formerly assigned to it east of the Mississippi River, assigned by them to Necturus louisianensis. This arrangement is followed here (DRF) although it equates mtDNA matrilines as lineage-species; note that subsequent work by Greenwald, Stedman, Mifsud, Stapleton, Larson, Chellman, Parrish, and Kilpatrick, 2020, J. Herpetol., 54: 78–86, also on mtDNA matrilines in the northern part of the Necturus maculosus + Necturus louisianensis ranges (as Necturus maculosus sensu lato) noted not only additional matriline diversity in the northern segment of the combined population but discordance in the ranges of mtDNA haplotype not immediatly reconcilable with the results of Chabarria et al. (2018). Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 479–482, provided an account (differing somewhat from the interpretation taken here), summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map).

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