Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pseudophilautus cavirostris (Günther, 1869)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Rhacophoridae > Subfamily: Rhacophorinae > Genus: Pseudophilautus > Species: Pseudophilautus cavirostris

Polypedates cavirostris Günther, 1869 "1868", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868: 486. Holotype: BMNH 1868.3.17.32 according to Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi, 1996, Amph. Fauna Sri Lanka: 185, now renumbered 1947.2.7.83 by museum records. Type locality: "Southern Ceylon [= Sri Lanka]".

Ixalus fimbriatus Günther, 1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, 9: 87. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.31.29 (formerly 1871.12.14.38) according to Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi, 1996, Amph. Fauna Sri Lanka: 99. Type locality: "Peradeniya ... collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of the locality named .... Ceylon", Sri Lanka. Synonymy with Polypedates microtympanum by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 82. Synonymy with Polypedates cavirostris by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 82; Boulenger, 1890, Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 481; Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 24.

Rhacophorus cavirostris — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: viii, 82. Liu and Hu, 1960 "1959", Acta Zool. Sinica, 11: 526; Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 247; Tian, Jiang, Wu, Hu, Zhao, and Huang, 1986, Handb. Chinese Amph. Rept.: 64.

Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) cavirostris — Ahl, 1931, Das Tierreich, 55: 122.

Philautus cavirostris — Jiang, Hu, and Zhao, 1987, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 6 (1): 32, 34; Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990, Key to Chinese Amph.: 176. See comment.

Rhacophorus carvirostris — Lue, Lai, and Chen, 1994, Herpetologica, 50: 303–308. Incorrect subsequent spelling. See comment.

Philautus (Kirtixalus) cavirostris — Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 22.

Kirtixalus cavirostris — Yu, Rao, Zhang, and Yang, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 50: 578, by implication.

Pseudophilautus cavirostris — Li, Che, Murphy, Zhao, Zhao, Rao, and Zhang, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 53: 519. Provisional allocation.

English Names

Tibetan Bubble-nest Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 111 [presumably based on a species other than Philautus cavirostris; see comment).

Tubercle Shrub Frog (de Silva, 2009, Amph. Rep. Sri Lanka Photograph. Guide: 95).

Distribution

Discontinuous in wet forest of southwestern Sri Lanka at 30–1100 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Sri Lanka

Endemic: Sri Lanka

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Polypedates microtympanum by Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 22, where it had been place by Wolf, 1936, Bull. Raffles Mus., 12: 174, and Kirtisinghe, 1957, Amph. Ceylon: 63. See account by Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2005, Raffles Bull. Zool., Suppl., 12: 195–200. Chinese records of Rhacophorus cavirostris (e.g., Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 247–248; Zhao and Yang, 1997, Amph. Rept. Hengduan Mountains Region: 118–119; Zhang and Wen, 2000, Amph. Guangxi: 120) likely apply to Rhacophorus bisacculus or Rhacophorus verrucosus according to Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999, Fieldiana, Zool., N.S., 92: 39–40 (see account of "Rhacophorus cavirostris" from Yunnan by Yang, 1991, Amph. Fauna of Yunnan: 210–212, and brief account by Yang, 2008, in Yang and Rao (ed.), Amph. Rept. Yunnan: 90–91, for Yunnan, China.). See comment under Rhacophorus hainanensis. There is a problem here; it is extremely unlikely that one species is found in Sri Lanka as well as in the mountains of China and one must guess that the species in China is not appropriately referred to Pseudophilautus cavirostris. (See Kurixalus odontotarsus and Kurixalus verrucosus records.) de Silva, 2009, Amph. Rep. Sri Lanka Photograph. Guide: 95, provided a brief account and color photograph. Bopage, Wewelwala, Krvavac, Jovanovic, Safarek, and Pushpamal, 2011, Salamandra, 47: 173–177, reported the species in lowland forest in the Kanneliya Forest of southwestern Sri Lanka.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.