Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Indirana semipalmata (Boulenger, 1882)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ranixalidae > Genus: Indirana > Species: Indirana semipalmata

Rana semipalmata Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 56. Syntypes: BMNH (2 specimens), including animal figured in pl. 4, fig. 3 in the original and BMNH 1947.2.29.51 according to Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 124. BMNH 1947.2.29.50 designated lectotype by Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016, J. Threatened Taxa, 8: 9251. Type locality: "Malabar", South India. Biju, 2001, Occas. Publ. Indian Soc. Conserv. Biol., 1: 8, noted the imprecision of this type locality. Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016, J. Threatened Taxa, 8: 9251, restricted the type locality to "Painavu, Idukki wildlife Sanctuary (10.308° N & 76.742° E, elevation 803 m), Kerala, India".

Rana (Discodeles) semipalmata — Boulenger, 1918, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 1: 238.

Rana semifulmata — Noble, 1927, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 30: 107. Spelling error.

Indirana semipalmata — Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 761.

Ranixalus semipalmatus — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 69.

Indirana semipalmata — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 175–176, by implication.

Rana (Discodeles) semipalmata — Daniel and Sekar, 1989, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 86: 194.

English Names

South Indian Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 99; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 87).

Small-handed Frog (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 64).

Brown Leaping Frog ( Daniels, 2005, Amph. Peninsular India: 199).

Half-webbed Leaping Frog (Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016, J. Threatened Taxa, 8: 9251;Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 11).

Distribution

Western Ghats of Kerala (and presumably in border areas of Tamil Nadu), South India, both north and south of the Palghat Gap.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India

Endemic: India

Comment

See accounts by Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 117, Inger, Shaffer, Koshy, and Bakde, 1984, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 81: 425, and Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 132-133 (as Rana semipalmata). Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 124-125, provided range, systematic comments, and a taxonomic bibliography. Kuramoto and Joshy, 2001, Curr. Herpetol., Kyoto, 20: 85–95, reported on the advertisement call Daniels, 2005, Amph. Peninsular India: 199-200, provided an account. Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 87, did not include Tamil Nadu in the range. A very brief characterization, photograph, and dot map provided by Subramanian, Dinesh, and Radhakrishnan, 2013, Atlas of Endemic Amph. W. Ghats: 113. Sivaprasad, 2013, Common Amph. Kerala: 140–141, provided a brief account, photograph, and dot map for Kerala, India. See account by Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur, 2016, J. Threatened Taxa, 8: 9251–9257, who placed this in their Indirana semipalmata group. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted only two larval descriptions in the literature. See brief account by Garg and Biju, 2016, PLoS One, 11(11:e0166326): 25. Kumar and Sanil, 2019, Mol. Biol. Rep., 46: 5487–5492, reported on polymorphic microsatellites. Gopalan, Nair, Kumar, Merilä, and Sanil, 2012, Herpetol. Notes, 5: 263–273, reported on adult and larval morphology.

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