Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Kassinula Laurent, 1940

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hyperoliidae > Subfamily: Hyperoliinae > Genus: Kassinula

1 species

Kassinula Laurent, 1940, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 33: 313. Type species: Kassinula wittei Laurent, 1940, by monotypy.

English Names

Clicking Frogs (Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 185).

Distribution

Uplands of western and northern Zambia and southern Dem. Rep. Congo, generally in flooded grassy areas.

Comment

Kassinula was resurrected from the synonymy of Kassina by Drewes, 1984, Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci., 139: 55, where it had been placed by Laurent and Combaz, 1950, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 43: 273. J.-L. Perret In Laurent, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 225, regarding Kassinula as a subgenus of Kassina. Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 37-38, considered Kassinula a junior synonym of Kassina. Channing, 1989, S. Afr. J. Zool., 24: 116-131, transferred it to the Hyperoliinae, as the sister-taxon of Afrixalus, on the basis of a parsimony analysis. Schiøtz, 1999, Treefrogs Afr.: 247-248, and Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 185-186, provided accounts. Conradie, Keates, Lobón-Rovira, Vaz Pinto, Verburgt, Baptista, Harvey, and Júlio, 2020, Afr. Zool., 55: 311–322, confirmed the phylogenetic results of Channing (1989) on the basis of a 16S mtDNA analysis. Nečas, Kielgast, Nagy, Chifundera, and Gvoždík, 2022, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 174 (107514): 1–11, provided a molecular tree that suggests that Kassinula may render Afrixalus paraphyletic but retained the genus on morphological grounds pending additional work; an alternative solution suggested by them, which would resolve the issue, would be to erect a new generic name for Afrixalus enseticola. Portik, Streicher, and Wiens, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 188 (107907): 66, in their molecular study found Kassinula within a paraphyletic Afrixalus but took no taxonomic action.

Contained taxa (1 sp.):

Kassinula wittei Laurent, 1940

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