Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ombrana sikimensis (Jerdon, 1870)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Dicroglossidae > Subfamily: Dicroglossinae > Genus: Ombrana > Species: Ombrana sikimensis

Rana sikimensis Jerdon, 1870, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870: 83. Holotype: Not stated; ZSIC 9580 according to Sclater, 1892, List Batr. Indian Mus.: 3 (see Dubois, 1976, Cah. Nepal., Doc., 6: 190-193, for discussion of types of which Jerdon explicitly mentions that he had one specimen). Type locality: "Darjeeling", West Bengal, India.

Rana assamensis Sclater, 1892, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892: 343. Holotype: ZSIC by original designation; ZSIC 9574 according to Sclater, 1892, List Batr. Indian Mus.: 4; considered lost by Dubois, 1974, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 358, who suggested that ASS 005 (MNHNP) would be an appropriate neotype should that be needed. Type locality: "Khasia hill in Assam", India. Synonymy by Dubois, 1974, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 365-368 (who considered Rana sikimensis Jerdon, 1870, to be a nomen oblitum). See comment under Rana vicina.

Rana (Rana) assamensis — Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 8.

Rana sikkimensis — Boulenger, 1920, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 78. Misspelling.

Rana (Paa) sikimensis — Dubois, 1975, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 324: 1098; Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 43.

Chaparana (Ombrana) sikimensis — Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 318.

Nanorana sikimensis — Chen, Murphy, Lathrop, Ngo, Orlov, Ho, and Somorjai, 2005, Herpetol. J., 15: 239-240.

Ombrana sikimensis — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 367.

Chaparana (Paa) sikimensis — Ohler and Dubois, 2006, Zoosystema, 28: 781.

English Names

Sikkim Asian Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 98; Schleich, Anders, and Kästle, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 79).

Sikkimese Frog (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 64; Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Gururaja, and Bhatta, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 302: 34; Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 45).

Assamese Frog (Rana assamensis [no longer recognized]: Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 65).

Assam Frog (Rana assamensis [no longer recognized]: Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 83).

Jerdon's Circular-flapped Frog (Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 134).

Sikkimese Circular-flapped Frog (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 5).

Distribution

Himalayan region of West Bengal, Meghalaya, and Sikkim (India) and central and eastern Nepal; possibly into Bhutan.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India, Nepal

Likely/Controversially Present: Bhutan

Comment

Dubois, 1974, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 365–368, discussed the species (as Rana assamensis Sclater, 1892), and was the first to note that Rana sikimensis Jerdon, 1870, was the oldest name for this species. See Dubois, 1976, Cah. Nepal., Doc., 6: 208, for additional discussion (as Rana sikimensis). Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 86 (as Rana assamensis) and page 134 (as Rana sikkimensis) provided brief accounts. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 217–220, provided an account for the Nepal population. See brief account (as Rana assamensis) by Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 83. Sarkar, Biswas, and Ray, 1992, State Fauna Ser., 3: 79–80, provided a brief account for West Bengal, India. Dutta, 1997, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 154–155, provided range, systematic comments, and partial taxonomic bibliography (as Rana assamensis). Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted two larval descriptions of varying levels of completeness in the literature. Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 45, provided a brief characterization. See Shah and Tiwari, 2004, Herpetofauna Nepal: 51, for brief account (as Chaparana sikimensis) for Nepal. Shrestha and Gurung, 2019, Amph. Rept. Conserv., 13 (2: e198): 152–159, for comments on life history in Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal. Gautam, Chalise, Thapa, and Bhattarai, 2020, IRCF Rept. & Amph., 27: 18–28, briefly discussed abundance and elevational range in the Ghandruk region of central Nepal. Khatiwada, Wang, Zhao, Xie, and Jiang, 2021, Asian Herpetol. Res., 12: 1–35, did not include this species in the Nepal fauna.

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