Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Espadarana audax (Lynch and Duellman, 1973)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Centrolenidae > Subfamily: Centroleninae > Genus: Espadarana > Species: Espadarana audax

Centrolenella audax Lynch and Duellman, 1973, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 16: 16. Holotype: KU 146624, by original designation. Type locality: "Salto de Agua, 2.5 km NNE Río Reventador on Quito--Lago Agrio road, 1660 m, Provincia Napo, Ecuador".

Centrolene audax — Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 19.

Centrolene fernandoi Duellman and Schulte, 1993, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 155: 4. Holotype: KU 211770, by original designation. Type locality: "west slope of Abra Tangarana, 7 km (by road) northeast of San Juan de Pacaysapa (06° 12′S, 76° 44′ W, 1080 m), Provincia Lamas, Departamento San Martín, Perú". Synonymy by Cisneros-Heredia and Guayasamin, 2014, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 54: 161.

"Centrolene" fernandoi — Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 55.

"Centrolene" audax — Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009, Zootaxa, 2100: 54.

Espadarana audax — Twomey, Delia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2014, Zootaxa, 3851: 1.

Espadarana fernandoi — Twomey, Delia, and Castroviejo-Fisher, 2014, Zootaxa, 3851: 1.

Audaciella audax — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 174.

Audaciella fernandoi — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 174.

English Names

Napo Giant Glass Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 46).

Fernando's Giant Glass Frog (Espadarana fernandoi [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 46).

Daring Glassfrog (Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, McDiarmid, Peña, and Hutter, 2020, Diversity, 12 (222): 95).

Distribution

Low montane evergreen forest on the Amazonian versant of Andes in northern Peru (Departamento San Martín), Ecuador (Napo, Morona Santiago, Sucumbíos, and Zamora Chinchipe provinces), and Colombia (departments of Huila [eastern slope of Cordillera Central], Putumayo, Cauca, Caquetá, and Boyacá [eastern slope of Cordillera Oriental]), 800 to 1900 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Comment

In the Centrolene prosoblepon group according to Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991, Lozania, 57: 1–30. Mueses-Cisneros, 2005, Caldasia, 27: 231, provided a record for the western Amazonian foothills of the Andes in southern Colombia. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 208 (both as Centrolene audax and Centrolene fernandoi). Guayasamin, Cisneros-Heredia, McDiarmid, Peña, and Hutter, 2020, Diversity, 12 (222): 95–99, provided a detailed account, including adult morphology, advertisement call, relationships, natural history, and conservation status.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.