Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Leptophryne

3 species

Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Type species: Bufo cruentatus Tschudi, 1838, by original designation.

Cacophryne Davis, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 87-92. Type species: Hylaplesia borbonica Tschudi, 1838, by original designation. Synonymy by Dubois, 1982, J. Herpetol., 16: 173-174.

Nomina inquirenda - Name(s) unassigned to a living or extinct population

Bufo verrucosus Boettger, 1902, Ber. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 1902: 63. . Type(s): SMF. Type locality: "Borneo". Nomen nudum, according to Mertens, 1924, Senckenb. Biol., 6: 185.

English Names

Indonesia Tree Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44).

Distribution

Peninsular Thailand through the Malay Peninsula onto the Greater Sunda Is.

Comment

See Laurent, 1980 "1979", Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 104: 406, and Dubois, 1982, J. Herpetol., 16: 173, for discussion. Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 42-44, provided accounts for the Javan species. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6-8, implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo; see comment under Bufonidae. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1-10, suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that Leptophryne is the sister taxon of Ingerophrynus. Subsequently, on the basis of denser taxon sampling, Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682, suggested that Leptophryne is phylogenetically isolated and of uncertain relationships. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, suggested with low support measures that Leptophryne is the sister taxon of Epidalea.

Contained taxa (3 sp.):

Leptophryne borbonica (Tschudi, 1838)

Leptophryne cruentata (Tschudi, 1838)

Leptophryne javanica Hamidy, Munir, Mumpuni, Rahmania, and Kholik, 2018

External links:

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