Bufotes surdus (Boulenger, 1891)

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Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufotes > Species: Bufotes surdus

Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 7: 282. Holotype: "purchased"; BMNH 1947.2.21.20 (formerly 90.12.17.1), according to Inger, 1985, In Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 61. Type locality: "Baluchistan", Pakistan. See Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 264, for brief discussion of type (pictured) and type locality.

Bufo viridis var. persica Nikolskii, 1899, Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 4: 406. Syntypes: ZISP 2056-59; ZISP 2058.3 designated lectotype by Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265. Type localities: "Urbs Bazman", "Flum. Tamin in Sargardo", "Duz-Ab in Kirmano orient.", "Ziaret in Sargado" [translated], Iran. Restricted to Duz-Ab in E-Kirmano, about 28° N, 58° E, by lectotype designation. Primary homonym of "Bufo persicus Fitz." IN Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 40 (a nomen dubium according to Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265). Synonymy by Zarevskij, 1926 "1925", Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Leningrad, 26: 78; Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5; and Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265.

Bufo persicus — Nikolskii, 1903, Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 8: 97.

Bufo surdus surdus — Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 118. Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 269.

Bufo surdus annulatus Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 118. Holotype: ZSM 4/1968, by original designation. Type locality: "5 km nördlich Mehkuh, 1400 m ü. M. (70 km südlich Schiras), auf dem nördlichen Fahrtweg zur Strasse Schiras—Firuzabad", Prov. Fars, Iran. Distinctiveness from Bufo surdus surdus doubted by Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 269.

Pseudepidalea surda — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365.

Bufo (Pseudepidalea) surda surda — Rastegar-Pouyani, Kami, Rajabzadeh, and Shafiei, 2008, Iranian J. Anim. Biosyst., 4: 44.

Bufo (Pseudepidalea) surda annulata — Rastegar-Pouyani, Kami, Rajabzadeh, and Shafiei, 2008, Iranian J. Anim. Biosyst., 4: 44.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdus annulatus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdus surdus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufotes surdus — Frost, 2013, Amph. Spec. World, Vers. 5.6: . Required change because of non-monophyly of Bufo.

Bufotes surdus annulatus — Frost, 2013, Amph. Spec. World, Vers. 5.6: . Required change because of non-monophyly of Bufo.

Bufotes surdus surdus — Frost, 2013, Amph. Spec. World, Vers. 5.6: . Required change because of non-monophyly of Bufo.

English Names

Pakistan Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Luristan Toad (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 41).

Iranian Toad (Khan, 2002, Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc., 37: 159).

Iranian Earless Toad (Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Rajabizadeh, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 263).

Ring-spotted Earless Toad (Bufotes surdus annulatus: Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Rajabizadeh, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 262).

Distribution

Mountains of southern Iran (Sistan Va Baluchistan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars, and Bushehre provinces), adjacent Iraq, and western Pakistan (western Baluchistan and vicinity of Quetta).

Comment

In the Bufo viridis group of Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107, and in the Bufo surdus subgroup of Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 262. See Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 113-123, and Eiselt and Schmidtler, 1973, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 77: 188, for taxonomy, distribution, and ecology. Stöck, Frynta, Grosse, Steinlein, and Schmid, 2001, Asiat. Herpetol. Res., 9: 83, noted that two Bufo viridis complex toads occur in the Zagros Mountains, one being referable to Bufo surdus luristanicus (now Bufotes luristanicus) and the other to Bufo viridis subspecies (previously called Bufo viridis arabicus) and noted that the ploidy level of the three nominal subspecies of Bufo surdus are unknown. Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 267-269, provided a brief taxonomic account. Baloutch and Kami, 1995, Amph. Iran: 135-137, provided an account (as Bufo surdus) for Iran. Khan, 2006, Amph. Rept. Pakistan: 50-51, provided a brief account for Pakistan. Javari and Torki, 2009, Herpetozoa, Wien, 21: 171-178, suggested on the basis of morphology that Bufotes luristanicus (as Bufo) is a subspecies of Bufotes surdus, but noted that molecular evidence suggested species distinctiveness. Fakharzadeh, Darvish, Kami, Ghasemzadeh, and Rastegar-Pouyani, 2014, Asian Herpetol. Res., 5: 168–178, reported on karyology of the Bufotes viridis complex in the southern part of Iran, showing karyotypic differences between Bufotes luristanicus, Bufotes surdus, and Bufotes variabilis. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Rajabizadeh, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 257–290, reported on distribution and conservation status in Iran.

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