Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925)
Bufo rufus Garman, 1877 "1876", Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18: 413. Syntypes: MCZ 367-68 (2 specimens), according to Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 233. Type locality: "near Goyaz [= city of Goiás], on the highlands of east Brazil" (actually in central Brazil). Primary homonym of Bufo rufus Schneider, 1799 (= Anaxyrus terrestris) according to Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66.
Bufo rubescens Lutz, 1925, C. R. Mém. Hebd. Séances Soc. Biol. Filial., Paris, 93 (1925, vol. 2): 214. Syntypes: Not stated, but USNM 97236-37 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 37. Type locality: "Bello Horizonte", Minas Gerais, Brazil. Synonymy (under Bufo rufus) by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 37; Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84; and Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 178.
Bufo rufescens — Brazil and Vellard, 1926, Mem. Inst. Butantan, São Paulo, 3: 23. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Chaunus rubescens — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4. By implication.
Rhinella rubescens — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211. by implication.
English Names
Rusty Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).
Rufous Toad (Eterovick and Sazima, 2004, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 33).
Distribution
Cerrado of central Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pará, Piaui, and São Paulo).
Comment
In the Bufo marinus group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 57, and Blair, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 96, but in the Bufo arenarum group of Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 173-178. Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66, noted that Bufo rufus Garman is a primary homonym of Bufo rufus Schneider, 1799 (= Bufo terrestris). Removed from the synonymy of Rhinella missionum by Faivovich and Carrizo, 1997, Cuad. Herpetol., 11: 81-82, where it had been placed by Gallardo, 1961, Neotropica, 7: 33-38. Eterovick and Sazima, 1999, J. Herpetol., 33: 711-713, noted the similarity of this species with Rhinella arenarum. See remarks by Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 27, regarding the nomenclature of the species. Araújo, Condez, and Haddad, 2007, Check List, 3: 153-155, provided the first record for the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Canelas and Bertoluci, 2007, Iheringia, Zool., 97: 21-26, provided a locality in Minas Gerais. Kwet, Di-Bernardo, and Maneyro, 2006, Iheringia, Zool., 96: 479-485, provided a key to distinguish this species from other members of the Rhinella marina group. Eterovick and Sazima, 2004, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 33-34, provided a photograph and brief account. Vallinoto, Sequeira, Sodré, Bernardi, Sampaio, and Schneider, 2010, Zool. Scripta, 39: 128-140, and Maciel, Garcia, Colli, and Schwartz, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 57: 787-797, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Rhinella marina group, including this species. Cruz, Feio, and Caramaschi, 2009, Anf. Ibitipoca: 62-63, provided photographs and a brief account for Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aoki, Landgref, Oda, and Gamarra, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 108, provided a record for Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and commented on the range.
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
