Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference

Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 211. Type(s): By indication including specimen illustrated in Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 76, fig. 1. Type locality: "America"; restricted by Müller and Hellmich, 1936, Wissenschaft. Ergebn. Deutschen Gran Chaco Exped., Amph. Rept.: 14, to Surinam.

Bufo brasiliensis Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 26. Types: Frog illustrated by Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: Pl.. 73, fig. 1 and 2. Type locality: Brazil. Synonymy (with Bufo agua) by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 99, and Daudin, 1803 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., 8: 209. Synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 138.

Rana gigas Walbaum, 1784, Schr. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 5: 239. Types: Formerly in the Endler Collection, now lost, according to Smith, Schneider, and Smith, 1977, J. Herpetol., 11: 423. Type locality: "Virginia", although considered to be in error in the original description. Considered to be a replacement name for Rana marina by Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 54. Synonymy by Smith, Schneider, and Smith, 1977, J. Herpetol., 11: 423-425.

Rana humeris-armata Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, 16mo ed., 2: 297, 458. Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, Quarto ed., 1: Table following page 618 and referencing account on page 539. Substitute name for Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758. Rejected as published in a nonbinominal work by Opinion 2104, Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: 55.

Rana humeris-armata Bonnaterre, 1789, Tab. Encyclop. Method. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp.: 6. Substitute name for Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758.

Bufo marinus — Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 219.

Bufo agua Latreille In Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 (An. X), Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 130. Types: MNHNP, presumably including the frog illustrated by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 100, pl. 37. Type locality: "principalement au Brésil et dans l'île de Cuba". Synonymy by Suckow, 1798, Anfang. Theoret. Angwewant. Naturgesch. Thiere, Amph.: 60 (with Bufo brasiliensis) (treating Lacépède's nonbinomial "Agua" as a binominal); Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 99, Wied-Neuwied, 1825, Beitr. Naturgesch. Brasil., 1: 551, Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 235, and Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 88 (using Bufo agua); Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 704; Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 81; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315.

Rana brasiliana Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 160. Substitute name for Bufo brasiliensis Laurenti.

Bufo horridus Daudin, 1802 (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 97. Holotype: Frog figured on pl. 36 of Daudin, 1802, and in the MNHNP. Type locality: Unknown. Synonymy by Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 61 (with Bufo agua); by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315.

Bufo humeralis Daudin, 1803 (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., 8: 205. Syntypes: "collection of madame Bonaparte", presumably now in the MNHNP if still extant. Type locality: "Cayenne", French Guiana. Synonymy by Raddi, 1823, Mem. Mat. Fis. Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena, 19: 69; Gravenhorst, 1829, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 54; Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 705; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 61 (with Bufo agua); Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315.

Bombinator maculatus Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 178. Syntypes: Based in part on frogs figured by Seba, 1734, Locuplet. Rer. Nat. Thesaur. Descript. Icon. Exp. Univ. Phys. Hist., 1: pl. 73, fig. 1-2; Bufo brasiliensis Laurenti, 1768, and "Bufo aqua Lacep. Quadr. Ovip. 1. page 606". Type locality: "Brasilia". Synonymy is objective through the types.

Rana maxima Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 182. Types: Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: Not designated. Attributed in error to Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 155 (who actually provided the non-Linnaean description Rana maxima fusco-flavescens verrucosa, . . .). Coined as a synonym of Bufo horridus. Preoccupied by Rana maxima Laurenti, 1768.

Bombinator horridus — Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 179.

Bufo maculiventris Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 45. Syntypes: 4 specimens (including animal figured on pl. 14, fig. 1 of the original publication), presumed lost from ZSM by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 371. This confirmed by Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 161. Type locality: "in sylvis et aquis paludosis ad ripam fluminis Solimoëns", Brazil. Restricted by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 21, to "desde Tabatinga na fronteira com o Peru e Colombia ate a desembocadura do rio Negro", Amazonas, Brazil. Synonymy by Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 88 and Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 235 (under Bufo agua); Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 704; Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315.

Bufo lazarus Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 45. Syntypes: 2 specimens, deposition not noted although including animal figured on pl. 17, fig. 1 of the original; syntypes were ZSM 2513/0 (2 specimens), presumed lost, according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 371. This confirmed by Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 161. Type locality: "Habitat in sylvis fluvii Amazonum" (= Amazon River); Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 21, considered the type locality to be on the Amazon between the mouth of the Rio Negro and the mouth of the Amazon on the Atlantic, Brazil. Synonymy by Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 88 (using Bufo agua); Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 704; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 61 (with Bufo agua); Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315.

Bufo albicans Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 47. Syntypes: ZSM 1140/0 and RMNH 2191 2 specimens, according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 371; ZSM 1140/0 designated lectotype by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 371. Type locality: "flumen Nigrum" (= Río Negro), Amazonas, Brazil. Synonymy by Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 88; Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226.

Bufo marinus — Gravenhorst, 1829, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 54.

Bufo horribilis Wiegmann, 1833, Isis von Oken, 26: 654. Syntypes: ZMB 3479 (Misantla) 3480 (without definite locality), 3481 (Veracruz) and 3493 (Mexico) according to Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 81 (and Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 54-55, who discussed the collection localities of the types). Type locality: "in der Umgegend von Vera Cruze", Mexico; rendered as "Misantla", "Vera Cruz", and "Mexico" by Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 55, and "Misantla and Veracruz, Mexico" by Smith and Taylor, 1948, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 194: 41. Restricted to "Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico" by Smith and Taylor, 1950, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33: 351. Synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 138; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 64; Duellman, 1961, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15: 23.

Docidophryne agua — Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32.

Docidophryne Lazarus — Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 415.

Phrynoidis agua — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.

Bufo marinus var. horribilis — Peters, 1873, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1873: 618.

Bufo marinus var. fluminensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862-1865: 199. Syntypes: MNCN; given as MNCN 3062-3063 (Brasil); 3066-3069, 3072 (either Facenda Imperial de Santa Cru (Brasil), Chonana (Guayas, Ecuador), or Babahoyo (Los Rios, Ecuador); 3073 (Bahia), Brasil); 3076 (Tabatinga, orillas del Amazonas y frontera del Perú y Brasil), by González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 268. Type localities: "la cuenca del Guayas o rio de Guayaquil", Ecuador; "provincia de Rio-Janeiro", Brazil; "Fazenda imperial de Santa Cruz, á 14 leguas de la capital", Brazil; "Bahia", Brazil; "Rio-Janeiro y la Tijuca", Brazil: "Tabatinga, orillas del Amazonas y frontera del Perú y Brasil"; "Fazenda Santa Cruz", Brazil; "Chonana", Ecuador; "Babahoyo", Ecuador. (Obviously a composite as some of the type localites are outside of the known species distribution—DRF.)

Bufo marinus var. napensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862-1865: 201. Syntypes: MNCN; given as MNCN 3058-3060 ("Archidona de Quijos, provincia oriental (Currently Napo Province) Ecuador"); 3061 Tabatinga, (Brazil and Peru border), Amazonas, Brasil"--but considered likely to come from "Cotapino near Sa Rose de Napo (Ecuador)"); 3074-3075 (San Jose de Moti. Type localities: "Cotapino, cerca de Santa Rosa de Napo", "Archidona de Quíjos", and "San Jose de Moti", Ecuador., by González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 268.

Bufo pithecodactylus Werner, 1899, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 49: 481. Holotype: (formerly ZIUG) ZFMK 27999 ; by implication by Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 178. Type locality: "La Union", Colombia. Provisional synonymy by Boulenger, 1900, Zool. Rec., 36: 29. Synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 138.

Bufo marinis — Barbour and Noble, 1920, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63: 425. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Bufo marinus marinus — Schmidt, 1932, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 18: 159.

Bufo angustipes Taylor and Smith, 1945, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 95: 553. Holotype: USNM 116513, by original designation. Type locality: "La Esperanza, Chiapas", Mexico. Synonymy by Duellman, 1961, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15: 23.

Bufo pythecodactylus — Rivero, 1961, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 126: 27. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Bufo marinus horribilis — Lynch and Fugler, 1965, J. Ohio Herpetol. Soc., 5: 8. Cei, Erspamer, and Roseghini, 1968, Syst. Zool., 17: 239.

Chaunus marinus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4. By implication.

Rhinella marina — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211. by implication.

Rhinella marinus — Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 76. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

English Names

Marine Toad (Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 155; Griffith in Cuvier, 1831, Animal Kingdom (Griffith), 9: 401; Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 64; Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 52)

. Shoulder-knot Frog (Lacépède, 1802, Nat. Hist. Ovip. Quadruped. (Kerr transl.): 240).

Agua (Bufo brasiliensis [no longer recognized]: Lacépède, 1802, Nat. Hist. Ovip. Quadruped. (Kerr transl.): 317).

Agua Toad (Wood, 1863, Illust. Nat. Hist., 3: 168).

Giant Toad (Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 315; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 10; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42; Campbell, 1998, Amph. Rept. N. Guatemala Yucatan Belize: 68).

Cane Toad (Cogger, 1975, Rept. Amph. Australia, Ed. 2: 114; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 17; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 7; Lee, 2000, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Maya World: 85-87; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 11; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 22; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 21).

Distribution

Lower Valley region of southern Texas (USA) and southern Sonora (Mexico) south through tropical lowland Mexico and Central America to the west coast of Ecuador and the extrme northwestern Peru, and, east of the Andes throughout Amazonian South America (central Brazil and Amazonian Peru and Bolivia); introduced widely worldwide (Antilles, Hawaii, Fiji, Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Is. (Japan), New Guinea, Australia, and many Pacific islands).

Comment

In the Bufo marinus group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 57. Reviewed by Easteal, 1986, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 395: 1-2. See comment under Chaunus poeppigii. Lescure and Marty, 2000, Collect. Patrimoines Nat., Paris, 45: 68-69, provided a brief account and photo. Campbell, 1998, Amph. Rept. N. Guatemala Yucatan Belize: 68-69, provided an account for the Yucatan region of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Slade and Moritz, 1998, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, Biol. Sci., 265: 769-777, reported on mtDNA phylogeography and noted a large genetic break between populations on either side of the Venezuelan Andes, with Bufo paracnemis (= Rhinella schneideri of this catalog) being nested within the eastern lineage. See accounts by Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 199-202, and McCranie and Wilson, 2002, Amph. Honduras: 187-193. Kenny, 1969, Stud. Fauna Curaçao and other Caribb. Is., 29: 59-61, and Murphy, 1997, Amph. Rept. Trinidad Tobago: 59-60, provided accounts for Trinidad. Lever, 2003, Naturalized Rept. Amph. World: 147-175, discussed introduced populations. Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 52-54, provided an account for introduced Japanese populations. Paice, 2005, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 331-332, provided a record for Mustique Island in the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles. Köhler, Vesely, and Greenbaum, 2005 "2006", Amph. Rept. El Salvador: 31-33, provided an account (as Bufo marinus, and for El Salvador) and a color photograph. Almendáriz and Orcés, 2004, Politécnica, Quito, 25: 108, provided distributional data for Ecuador. McCranie, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 37, detailed the departmental distribution in Honduras. Kwet, Di-Bernardo, and Maneyro, 2006, Iheringia, Zool., 96: 479-485, provided a key to distinguish this species from other members of the Rhinella marina group. Daudin and de Silva, 2007, Appl. Herpetol., 4: 163-175, reported on island distribution in the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles. Lorvelec, Pascal, Pavis, and Feldmann, 2007, Appl. Herpetol., 4: 131-161, discussed the original range and introductions within the French West Indies. Kok and Kalamandeen, 2008, Intr. Taxon. Amph. Kaieteur Natl. Park, 5: 132-133, provided an account. See comments by Sunyer, Páiz, Dehling, and Köhler, 2009, Herpetol. Notes, 2: 189-202, regarding Nicaraguan populations. Vallinoto, Sequeira, Sodré, Bernardi, Sampaio, and Schneider, 2010, Zool. Scripta, 39: 128-140, provided molecular evidence that the Amazonian population of Rhinella marina (which carries the name if the nominal species is partitioned) is most closely related to other members of the Rhinella marina complex, but distant from two clades, one in Central America (and presumably including populations extending north into Mexico as well), and another in western Ecuador. The name Bufo horribilis Wiegmann may be available for the Central American clade, while the western Ecuadorian population apparently lacks a name (DRF). Maciel, Garcia, Colli, and Schwartz, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 57: 787-797, also reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Rhinella marina group, including this species. Ugueto and Rivas-Fuenmayor, 2010, Amph. Rep. Margarita Coche Cubagua: 69-71, provided an account for the population on the Venezuelan island of Margarita. Ahumada-Carrillo, Vázquez-Huizar, Vázquez-Diaz, and García-Vázquez, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 397, provided a record for southern Zacatecas, Mexico, and discussed the range. Sequeira, Sodre, Ferrand, Bernardi, Sampaio, Scheider, and Vallinoto, 2011, BMC Evol. Biol., 11(264): 1-15, reported on unidirectional hybridization with Rhinella schneideri. See account for Surinam population by Ouboter and Jairam, 2012, Amph. Suriname: 66-69.

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