Phrynoidis aspera (Gravenhorst, 1829)
Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 58. Types: Not stated. Largest specimen of RMNH 2172 (4 specimens originally, paralectotypes now 10681) designated lectotype by Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66. M. Hoogmoed in Frost, 1985, Amph. Species World: 36, doubted the validity of these specimens as Gravenhorst types, because Gravenhorst's specimens, although sent from the RMNH, are probably in the Breslau (= Vratislava) Museum. Nevertheless, Gassó Miracle, van den Hoek Ostende, and Arntzen, 2007, Zootaxa, 1482: 32, accepted RMNH 10681 as the lectotype. Type locality: "Java", Indonesia.
Phrynoidis asper — Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32.
Phrynoides asper — Fitzinger, 1864, Bilder Altas Wissenschaftl. Naturgesch. Amph.: pl. 90, fig. 153. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Cyclogaster borneensis Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 44. Nomen nudum proposed as a junior synonym of Bufo asper and attributed to Fitzinger.
Nectes obscurus Barbour, 1904, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 51. Holotype: MCZ 2396, by original designation; Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 307, reported two syntypes under this number. Type locality: "Sarawak, Borneo [Malaysia]". Provisional synonymy by Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 177; synonymy by Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66.
Bufo obscurus — Barbour, 1912, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 44: 75.
Pseudobufo obscurus — Nieden, 1914, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1914: 370.
Bufo verrucigerus Mertens, 1924, Senckenb. Biol., 6: 185. Holotype: SMF 1286.2a by original designation; renumbered SMF 3575 according to Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 40. Type locality: "angeblich Borneo". Synonymy by Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 40.
Bufo asper — Smith, 1931, Bull. Raffles Mus., 5: 30. Based on misidentified specimens of Bufo juxtasper according to Inger, 1964, Fieldiana, Zool., 44: 154.
Phrynoidis aspera — Fei, Ye, Huang, Jiang, and Xie, 2005, Illust. Key Chinese Amph.: 94. by implication; Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365.
English Names
Malayan Giant Toad (Kiew, 1987, Malayan Nat. J., 41: 417).
Java Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).
Rough Toad (Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45).
River Toad (Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45; Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 88; Das, Jankowski, Makmor, and Haas, 2007, Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 104: 148; Das, 2007, Amph. Rept. Brunei: 26; Grismer, 2012, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Seribuat Arch.: 44).
Giant Asiatic Toad (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71).
Barking Toad (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71).
Giant Asian Toad (Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 16).
Distribution
Southern Myanmar through western and peninsular Thailand through Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, and Java; in Vietnam on the border of Gia Lai and Dac Lac provinces to the northwest of Plei Tung Than at approximately 700 m; presumably also in intervening Cambodia and Laos.
Comment
In the Bufo asper group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 65, and Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107. See Taylor, 1962, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 43: 326-329, Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66-69, and Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 176-178, for synonymy and discussion; also see Berry, 1975, Amph. Fauna Peninsular Malaysia: 46-47, for account. Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996, Zool. Res., Kunming, 17: 356, suggested that Bufo asper might be in the genus Torrentophryne. This was not accepted by Rao, Yang, and Wang, 1998, Russ. J. Herpetol., 5: 67. Further, if Bufo asper is included in Torrentophryne, it brings with it an older generic name Phrynoidis Fitzinger, 1843, which would be a subjective senior synonym of Torrentophryne. See account by Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45-46. See brief account and photo by Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 31. Orlov, Murphy, Ananjeva, Ryabov, and Ho, 2002, Russ. J. Herpetol., 9: 84, provided the Vietnam record. Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71, provided a brief characterization and photograph and suggested that the species is found throughout Thailand. Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 90-91, provided a very brief account, map for Thailand, and photograph. Reported for Pulau Langkawi, Kadeh, northwestern West Malaysia, by Grismer, Youmans, Wood, Ponce, Wright, Jones, Johnson, Sanders, Gower, Yaakob, and Lim, 2006, Hamadryad, 30: 61-74. Das, Jankowski, Makmor, and Haas, 2007, Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 104: 148, provided a brief description. Das, 2007, Amph. Rept. Brunei: 26, provided a photograph and a brief account (as Bufo asper). See brief account by Grismer, 2012, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Seribuat Arch.: 44-45, for the Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia.
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
