Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006
Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 219. Type species: Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799, by original designation.
English Names
None noted.
Distribution
Eastern Africa from extreme southeastern Egypt to Eritrea, eastern Ethiopia, and northern and eastern Somalia; southeastern Iran, possibly to southern Afghanistan; from northwestern Saudi Arabia south along the western mountains south to Yemen, and east to northern Pakistan and Nepal to southern India and Sri Lanka; to southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan) through Indochina to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali; isolated populations in northeastern Oman and adjacent United Arab Emirates.
Comment
Duttaphyrynus provisionally contains the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber, and Bufo stomaticus groups of previous authors. Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 113-126, discussed (as Bufo) the Chinese species. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 145-162, provided a key and accounts for the species (under Bufo) of Nepal. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, suggested that Duttaphrynus is only distantly related to other Asiatic bufonids. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6-8, implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo; see comment under Bufonidae. Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007, Zool. Sci., Tokyo, 24: 1159-1166, provided evidence that Duttaphrynus is most closely related to other taxa, particularly Pelophryne with a more distant relationship to Didynamipus, Ingerophrynus, Leptophryne, and Sabahphrynus. Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 203-212, placed Duttaphrynus as the sister taxon of Schismaderma. Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 72-83, provided evidence that Duttaphrynus is in a clade containing Schismaderma and Phrynoidis (having not studied Pelophryne). Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682, suggested Duttaphrynus to form the sister taxon of Xanthophryne. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences, suggested that Duttaphrynus is paraphyletic with respect to Xanthophryne (although this is obscured by their explicit adoption of an out-dated and non-monophyletic taxonomy), its placement as the sister taxon of Bufotes (excluding "Bufo" raddei and "Bufo" brongersmai, sometimes included in that genus), and provided a tree of exemplar species.
Contained taxa
- Duttaphrynus atukoralei (Bogert and Senanayake, 1966)
- Duttaphrynus beddomii (Günther, 1876)
- Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937)
- Duttaphrynus crocus (Wogan, Win, Thin, Lwin, Shein, Kyi, and Tun, 2003)
- Duttaphrynus dhufarensis (Parker, 1931)
- Duttaphrynus dodsoni (Boulenger, 1895)
- Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther, 1864)
- Duttaphrynus hololius (Günther, 1876)
- Duttaphrynus kiphirensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Fernando and Dayawansa, 1994)
- Duttaphrynus mamitensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Duttaphrynus manipurensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)
- Duttaphrynus microtympanum (Boulenger, 1882)
- Duttaphrynus mizoramensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Duttaphrynus nagalandensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
- Duttaphrynus noellerti (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 1998)
- Duttaphrynus olivaceus (Blanford, 1874)
- Duttaphrynus parietalis (Boulenger, 1882)
- Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799)
- Duttaphrynus scorteccii (Balletto and Cherchi, 1970)
- Duttaphrynus silentvalleyensis (Pillai, 1981)
- Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lütken, 1864)
- Duttaphrynus stuarti (Smith, 1929)
- Duttaphrynus sumatranus (Peters, 1871)
- Duttaphrynus totol (Ohler, 2010)
- Duttaphrynus valhallae (Meade-Waldo, 1909)
- Duttaphrynus wokhaensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
