Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820
Salamandrae Goldfuss, 1820, Handb. Zool., 2: 129. Type genus: Salamandra Laurenti, 1768.
Salamandridae — Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 215. Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 100.
Salamandroidea — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 41. Explicit family.
Tritonidae Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21: 363. Type genus: Triton Laurenti, 1768.
Cercopi Wagler, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21: 859. Unavailable name formed explicitly as a family containing "Salamandra etc.".
Salamandrina — Hemprich, 1829, Grundniss Naturgesch. Höhere Lehr., Ed. 2: xix. Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 203; Bonaparte, 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 1: 393; Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 101.
Salamandroidea — Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 202.
Tritones Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26. Type genus: Triton Laurenti, 1768.
Tritonides Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26. Type genus: Triton Laurenti, 1768.
Pleurodeles Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26. Type genus: Pleurodeles Michahelles, 1830.
Tritonides Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26.
Pleurodelina Bonaparte, 1839, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 26): unnumbered. Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 11. Type genus: Pleurodeles Michahelles, 1830.
Salamandrina — Bonaparte, 1839, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 26): unnumbered. Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 11; Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 395; Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 147; Leunis, 1860, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 2: 341. 341.
Pleurodelae — Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33. Subsequent usage of "Pleurodelae Tschud."
Salamandrinae Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33. Type genus: Salamandrina Fitzinger, 1826.
Tritonines — Bronn, 1849, Handb. Geschich. Natur, 5: 683.
Salamandridae — Bronn, 1849, Handb. Geschich. Natur, 5: 683.
Pleurodelidae — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p.
Pleurodelina — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p.
Bradybatina Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Type genus: Bradybates Tschudi, 1838. Synonymy by XXX.
Tritonina Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Type genus: Triton Laurenti, 1768 (= Triturus Rafinesque, 1815).
Geotritonidae Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Type genus: Geotriton Bonaparte, 1832 (= Lissotriton Bell, 1839).
Geotritonina — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p.
Pleurodelini — Massalongo, 1853, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, Ser. 3, 7: 11.
Salamandrini — Massalongo, 1853, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, Ser. 3, 7: 11.
Pleurodelidae — Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8: 10.
Seiranotidae — Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8: 10. Hallowell, 1858, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 3: 337.
Tritonidae — Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 8: 10.
Salamandrida — Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 54. Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, Ser. 7, 16 (4): 14. Explicit family.
Salamandroidea — Wied-Neuwied, 1865, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 32: 124. Explicit family.
Mecodonta Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, Ser. 7, 16 (4): 108. Tribe within family Salamandrida.
Salamandroideae — Garman, 1884, Bull. Essex Inst., 16: 37. Implied superfamily.
Salamandridi — Acloque, 1900, Fauna de France, 1: 491.
Tritonidi — Acloque, 1900, Fauna de France, 1: 491.
Salamandroideae — Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 3. Explicit superfamily.
Salamandroidea — Dunn, 1922, Am. Nat., 56: 423. Explicit superfamily.
Salamandroidae — Hay, 1930, Carnegie Inst. Publ., 390(1): 848. Superfamily.
Triturinae Brame, 1957, List World’s Recent Caudata: 9. Type genus: Triturus Rafinesque, 1815. Unavailable name due to being distributed by mimeograph.
Voigtiellinae Brame, 1958, List World’s Fossil Caudata: 4. Type Genus: Voigtiella Herre, 1949. Unavailable name due to being distributed by mimeograph.
Triturinae Kuhn, 1965, Die Amphib.: 37. Type genus: Triturus Rafinesque, 1815. Attributed to Brame, 1957.
Salamandroidia — Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 19. Epifamily.
Incertae Sedis
Triton utinensis Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 38. Type(s): Not designated, although references to "Matthiolus, Gesnerus" made, possibly being type designations by indication. Type locality: "Utinae in paludibus opacis limosis" (= Udine, northeastern Italy). Regarded as part of his composite Lacerta lacustris by Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., Ed. 13, 1(3): 1065.
Salamandra quaturolineata Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, Quarto ed., 1: Table following page 618. Types: Not stated, although likely original in MNHNP. Type locality: Not stated. Work (and all contained names) suppressed as nonbinominal by Opinion 2104, Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: 55.).
Salamandra cauda-plana Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, 16mo ed., 2: 211. Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, Quarto ed., 1: Table following page 618 (and referencing account starting on 471. Type(s): Not stated, although likely originally in MNHNP, and including animals described or illustrated by a number of authors indicated on page 211, as well as specimens illustrated on plate facing page 471 of 4to edition. Type locality: Not stated but implied to include France. Apparently intended as a collective replacement name for many nominal taxa including Lacerta aquatica Linnaeus and Triton cristatus Laurenti. Work (and all contained names) suppressed as nonbinominal by Opinion 2104, Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: 55).
English Names
Newts (Cochran, 1961, Living Amph. World: 25; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 35; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 164).
Fire Salamanders (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 35).
European Salamanders (Halliday and Adler, 2002, New Encyclop. Rept. Amph.: 48).
True Salamanders (Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 133).
Distribution
From the British Isles and Scandinavia eastward to the Ural Mountains, southward into the Iberian Peninsula, northwest Africa, and Asia Minor; north-central India and China to northern Vietnam; extreme northwestern Africa; southern Canada and the USA to extreme northern Mexico.
Comment
Intrafamilial relationships were discussed by Wake and Özeti, 1969, Copeia, 1969: 124-137; Hayashi and Matsui, 1989, in Matsui et al. (eds.), Curr. Herpetol. E. Asia: 157-167; and Veith, Steinfartz, Zardoya, Seitz, and Meyer, 1998, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 36: 7-16. Titus and Larson, 1995, Syst. Biol., 44: 125-151, provided a phylogenetic perspective on the group based on DNA sequences. Scholz, 1995, Acta Biol. Benrodis, 7: 25-75, provided a cladistic analysis based on morphology and courtship behavior. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 175, recognized two sister subfamilies, Pleurodelinae and Salamandrinae, but did not include Salamandrina their analysis. Weisrock, Papenfuss, Macey, Litvinchuk, Polymeni, Ugurtas, Zhao, Jowkar, and Larson, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 41: 368-383, provided a detailed molecular phylogenetic study that suggested that the placement of Salamandrina was arguable. Zhang, Papenfuss, Wake, Qu, and Wake, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 49: 586-597, provided another analysis in which Salamandrina was placed as the sister taxon of "true" salamanders (Salamandrinae) + newts (Pleurodelinae). Fei, Ye, Huang, Jiang, and Xie, 2005, Illust. Key Chinese Amph.: 40-48, provided keys to the species of China. Vitt and Caldwell, 2009, Herpetology, 3rd Ed.: 426-428, provided a general taxonomic account and map as part of a much more general and extensive overview of biology. Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2009, Alytes, 26: 1-85, discussed the published evidence, and from that derived a taxonomy and nomenclature of the family, recognizing three subfamilies: Salamandrininae + (Pleurodelinae + Salamandrinae). Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583 (see comment in Amphibia record) provided as part of a larger molecular analysis of legacy sequences confirmed the monophyly of and relationship of the three subfamilies posited by Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009). Zhang and Wake, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 53: 492-508, reported on molecular phylogenetics of salamanders based on mtDNA and provided an estimate of time since origin of the salamander families. Zheng, Peng, Kuro-o, and Zeng, 2011, Mol. Biol. Evol., 28: 2521-2535, reported on the estimated time of origin of this taxon. Blackburn and Wake, 2011, In Zhang (ed.), Zootaxa, 3148, 3148: 39-55, briefly reviewed the taxonomic history of this taxon. Chen, Wang, Liu, Xie, and Jiang, 2011, Curr. Zool., Chengdu, 57: 785805, on the basis of 11 protein-coding mtDNA genes, suggested that Salamandridae is the sister taxon of all other salamanders and that the relationship of the subfamilies is Pleurodelina + (Salamandrinae + Salamandrininae).
Contained taxa
- Pleurodelinae Tschudi, 1838 (82 sp.)
- Salamandrinae Goldfuss, 1820 (19 sp.)
- Salamandrininae Fitzinger, 1843 (2 sp.)
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
