Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838
Bufo praetextatus Boie, 1826, Isis von Oken, 18: 215. Types: Nangasacki [Japan], presumed lost (although the other types described in this paper are in the ZMA). Type locality: "Vitikairu, et Fikikojeru et Nakfudo Jap.". Considered unidentifiable by Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 59. Arguably not Bufo praetextatus Camerano, according to Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 60, although he also considered it a possible senior synonym of Bufo japonicus. Considered a senior synonym of Bufo vulgaris japonicus by Okada, 1966, Fauna Japon., Anura: 17.
Bufo vulgaris japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838, Fauna Japonica, 3: 106. Syntypes: Not stated, although including animals figured in pl. 2, figs. 5 and 6 of the original publication. Syntypes include RMNH 2109, 2115-17, 2119, with RMNH 2119A designated lectotype according to and by Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 407. Type locality: "Japon".
Bufo vulgaris var. praetextatus — Martens, 1876, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool.: 384. Considered incorrectly by Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 60, to be a new name, a junior homonym of Bufo praetextatus Boie, 1826. Martens noted the author of the name as Boie.
Bufo japonicus — Camerano, 1879, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat., 14: 884.
Bufo formosus Boulenger, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883: 140. Syntypes: BMNH (2 specimens), by original designation. Type locality: "Yokohama", Japan. Synonymy by Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 60, and Slevin, 1937, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 23: 177. Junior primary homonym of Bufo formosus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 646 (= Chaunus formosus Tschudi, 1838).
Bufo praetextatus — Camerano, 1901 "1900", Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 50: 113.
Bufo smithi Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 64. Holotype: USNM 31951, by original designation. Type locality: "Kochi, Province of Toza, Shikoku Island", Japan. Synonymy with Bufo formosus japonicus by Okada, 1931, Tailless Batr. Japan. Empire: 39; (with Bufo vulgaris) by Slevin, 1937, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 23: 177.
Bufo bufo japonicus — Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 69. Gee and Boring, 1929, Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 4: 22; Pope, 1931, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61: 457.
Bufo vulgaris yakushimensis Okada, 1928, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11: 269. Holotype: TIU 1983, lost by implication of Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 31. Type locality: "Yakushima in Kagoshima Prefecture", Japan. Synonymy by Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404.
Bufo vulgaris hokkaidoensis Okada, 1928, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11: 269. Holotype: TIU 1506, lost by implication of Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 31. Type locality: "Hokkaido", Japan. Synonymy by Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404.
Bufo vulgaris formosus — Okada, 1931, Tailless Batr. Japan. Empire: 32.
Bufo vulgaris montanus Okada, 1937, Saito Ho-on Kwai Mus. Res. Bull., 12: 189. Holotype: Saito Ho-on Kai Museum Reg. no. 5553. Type locality: "Chôkai-zan, Akumi-gun, Yamagata-Ken", Tohoku District, Japan. Primary homonym of Bufo montanus Werner, 1897. Synonymy by Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404.
Bufo bufo japonicus — Nakamura and Ueno, 1963, Japan. Rept. Amph. Color: 27.
Bufo bufo hokkaidoensis — Okada, 1966, Fauna Japon., Anura: 15.
Bufo bufo montanus — Okada, 1966, Fauna Japon., Anura: 15.
Bufo bufo yakushimensis — Okada, 1966, Fauna Japon., Anura: 21.
Bufo japonicus — Kawamura, Nishioka, and Ueda, 1980, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 4: 1-125.
Bufo bufo formosus — Matsui, 1980, Annot. Zool. Japon., 53: 57.
Bufo japonicus hokkaidoensis — Kawamura, Nishioka, and Ueda, 1980, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 4: 1-125. Distinctiveness from Bufo japonicus japonicus doubted by Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51.
Bufo japonicus montanus — Kawamura, Nishioka, and Ueda, 1980, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 4: 1-125. Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51.
Bufo japonicus yakushimensis — Kawamura, Nishioka, and Ueda, 1980, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 4: 1-125. Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51.
Bufo japonicus formosus — Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404. Distinctiveness from Bufo japonicus japonicus doubted by Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51.
Bufo japonicus japonicus — Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404.
Bufo (Bufo) japonicus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24.
Bufo (Bufo) japonicus japonicus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24.
Bufo (Bufo) japonicus formosus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24.
English Names
Japanese Toad (Cochran, 1961, Living Amph. World: 96; Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 39; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42).
Eastern Japanese Common Toad (Bufo japonicus formosus: Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 19; Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 51).
Western Japanese Common Toad (Bufo japonicus japonicus: Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 19; Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 48).
Distribution
Extreme southern Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, as well as the Tanegashima Group of islands, Japan.
Comment
In the Bufo bufo group; considered a subspecies of Bufo bufo, in most old literature but considered a distinct species by Kawamura, Nishioka, and Ueda, 1980, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 4: 1-125. See also Matsui, 1980, Annot. Zool. Japon., 53: 56-68, and Matsui, 1976, Japan. J. Herpetol., 6: 80-92. Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 210-428, revised the species, reported on morphometrics and geographic variation. See also Nishioka, Sumida, Ueda, and Wu, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 53-91, and Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51, for allozymic variation. Highton, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid Salamanders: 233, suggested that two species might be covered under this one name, these having parapatric contact at Neo-mura, Motoso-gun, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. See Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 18-23, for accounts. Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 48-52, provided accounts for Bufo japonicus japonicus and Bufo japonicus formosus. Yamazaki, Kouketsu, Fukuda, Araki, and Nambu, 2008, J. Herpetol., 42: 427-436, documented introgression of Bufo japonicus formosus with Bufo torrenticola. Comment by DRF: The taxonomy of this group is controversial in part by application of different species concepts. Those who apply the Biological Species concept tend to see nominal Bufo japonicus as composed of several allopatric subspecies, while those who apply the Phylogenetic Species concept tend to see multiple species. What does seem clear is that there are several units that are distinctive lineages and which may or may not be mechanistically reproductively isolated to various degrees. These are Bufo miyakonis from Miyako Island (see Bufo gargarizans account) in the Ryukyus, Bufo torrenticola (which introgresses with Bufo japonicus to an unknown degree), Bufo formosus (the "eastern form" of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus, the "western form" of the Japanese toad (with both the eastern and western clade containing subclades that warrant additional study as possibly coherent lineages), Bufo bankorensis from Taiwan, Bufo yakushimensis (from Yaku Island, Japan), and Bufo gargarizans from China. Recognition of Bufo torrenticola and Bufo yakushimensis as species distinct from Bufo japonicus (western mtDNA clade) appears to render the latter "paraphyletic" in the sense that its mtDNA form a paraphyletic series; whether this is incomplete lineage sorting or the result of introgression is not known. On the basis of mtDNA along the status of Bufo japonicus montanus appears questionable that it should be considered separate from Bufo japonicus (eastern clade).
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
- For access to informatoin on fossils see Lisanfos
