Anaxyrus woodhousii (Girard, 1854)
Bufo dorsalis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 181. Types: Not stated; USNM 2531 considered holotype by Stejneger, 1890, N. Am. Fauna, 3: 117. Type locality: "New Mexico . . . . collected . . . expedition . . . rivers Zuni and Great and Little Colorado of the West". Given as "San Francisco Mountain, New Mexico (i.e. Arizona)", USA, by Stejneger, 1890, N. Am. Fauna, 3: 116 (who discussed the confusion surrounding this name). Synonymy (with Bufo americanus) by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 309; this considered tentative by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 125. Preoccupied by Bufo dorsalis Spix, 1824. Considered a synonym of Bufo woodhousii by Baird, 1859, Rep. Upon Explor Surv. Route Railroad Mississippi-Pacific Ocean, 10 (Part 6, No. 4): 44; Ruthven, 1907, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23: 507
Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 86. Holotype: USNM 2531 (same type as Bufo dorsalis Hallowell) according to Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 73, and Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 37. Type locality: "[Territory of] New Mexico, having so far been found in the province of Sonora, and in the San Francisco Mts."; data for specimen given as "San Francisco Mountain, New Mexico [now in Coconino County, Arizona]" by Stejneger, 1890, N. Am. Fauna, 3: 116.
Incilius woodhousei — Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15: 50.
Bufo frontosus Cope, 1867 "1866", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 301. Holotype: Presumably originally ANSP or USNM, although Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 73, suggested that it had never been sent to the USNM; now lost, according to Shannon and Lowe, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 188. Type locality: "Territory of Arizona, . . . , chiefly near the parallel of 35°, and along the valley of the Colorado from Fort Mojave to Fort Yuma"; unjustifiably restricted to Old Fort Mojave, Mojave County, Arizona, USA, by Smith and Taylor, 1950, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33: 353; unjustifiably corrected to "Tucson, Pima County, Arizona", USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 66; unjustifiably corrected to "Winslow, Navajo County, Arizona", USA, by XXX. Synonymy by Yarrow, 1875, in Wheeler (ed.), Rep. Geograph. Geol. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Merid., 5(4): 520; (with Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei) by Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 516; and Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 66. Note that some authors regard this name as synonymous with Bufo cognatus (e.g., Ellis and Henderson, 1913, Univ. Colorado Stud., 10: 1-129; Krupa, 1990, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 457: 1).
Bufo lentiginosus frontosus — Cope, 1875, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1: 29.
Bufo lentiginosus var. frontosus — Yarrow, 1875, in Wheeler (ed.), Rep. Geograph. Geol. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Merid., 5(4): 520. Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 310.
Bufo lentiginosus var. woodhousei — Yarrow, 1875, in Wheeler (ed.), Rep. Geograph. Geol. Explor. Surv. W. 100th Merid., 5(4): 521.
Bufo aduncus Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 457. Holotype: USNM 14100, by original designation. Type locality: "probably from Gainsboro, [Cook County,] in Central Northern Texas", USA. Synonymy by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 31.
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei — Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 278.
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousii — Stejneger, 1890, N. Am. Fauna, 3: 116.
Bufo lentiginosus woodhousi — Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 126.
Bufo woodhousii woodhousii — Smith, 1934, Am. Midl. Nat., 15: 456.
Bufo compactilis woodhousii — Linsdale, 1940, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 73: 206.
Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951, Wasmann J. Biol., 9: 366. Holotype: USNM 131869 (formerly O. Sanders 1891), by original designation and Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 38. Type locality: "Elkhart, Anderson County, Texas", USA. Status uncertain, may belong in the synonymy of Bufo fowleri according to Sullivan, Malmos, and Given, 1996, Copeia, 1996: 274-280. See synonymy of Bufo fowleri.
Bufo woodhousei woodhousei — Shannon and Lowe, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 185. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Bufo woodhousei australis Shannon and Lowe, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 185. Holotype: UIMNH (formerly FAS 6817), by original designation. Type locality: "in a damp irrigation ditch within the city limits of Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona", USA.
Bufo woodhousei bexarensis Mecham, 1959 "1958", Southwest. Nat., 3: 19. Holotype: TNHC 933.3708a, a left femur. Type locality: "Friesenhahn Cave is located on Cibolo Creek, 21 miles north of San Antonio in Bexar County, Texas . . . . Late Pleistocene, zone 3", USA. Fossil taxon.
Bufo velatus — Sanders, 1986, Occas. Pap. Strecker Mus., 1: 1-28. Sanders, 1987, Evol. Hybrid. Spec. N. Am. Indigenous Bufonids: 52. Species status rejected by Collins, 1989, Kansas Herpetol. Soc. Newsl., 78: 19.
Bufo antecessor Sanders, 1987, Evol. Hybrid. Spec. N. Am. Indigenous Bufonids: 62. Holotype: USNM 25322, by original designation. Type locality: "nine miles northwest of Louiston (= Lewiston) Nez Perce County, Idaho", USA. Synonymy by Collins, 1989, Kansas Herpetol. Soc. Newsl., 78: 19.
Bufo planiorum Sanders, 1987, Evol. Hybrid. Spec. N. Am. Indigenous Bufonids: 87. Holotype: USNM 2535, by original designation. Type locality: "Yellowstone River of Montana", USA. Synonymy by Collins, 1989, Kansas Herpetol. Soc. Newsl., 78: 19.
Bufo woodhousii velatus — Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11.
Anaxyrus woodhousii — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363.
Anaxyrus woodhousii australis — Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 3.
Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii — Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 3.
Anaxyrus velatus — Fontenot, Makowsky, and Chippindale, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 59: 68. Undiscussed taxonomic arrangement.
English Names
Toad (Bufo lentiginosus frontosus [no longer recognized]: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 23).
Rocky Mountain Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Dickerson, 1906, The Frog Book: 91; Storer, 1925, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 27: 43; Slevin, 1928, Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci., 16: 102); Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x).
Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Strecker, 1915, Baylor Bull., 18: 53; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 67; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 61; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 309; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 18; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 4; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 8; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
Woodhouse Toad (Bufo woodhousii: Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 286).
Southwestern Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii australis: Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 61; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 310; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 18; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 4; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 8; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
East Texas Toad (Bufo woodhousii velatus [no longer recognized]: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 67; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6).
Rocky Mountain Toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii: Smith, 1934, Am. Midl. Nat., 15: 449; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 61; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 4; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii: Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6).
Distribution
Western USA (excluding Great Basin and Pacific Coast), and northern Mexico south to Durango.
Comment
In the Bufo americanus group according to Blair, 1959, Texas J. Sci., 11: 427. See comment under Anayxrus fowleri. The misspelling of the specific epithet to woodhousei has been used widely. Blair, 1947, Am. Mus. Novit., 1343: 4, noted a hybridization zone with Anayxrus fowleri (as Bufo). Three nominal subspecies frequently recognized although these warrant detailed study regarding their evolutionary status (DRF). Sullivan, Malmos, and Given, 1996, Copeia, 1996: 274-280, noted that Bufo woodhousii velatus sits within the hybrid zone of Bufo fowleri and Bufo woodhousii and at this time should not be recognized. Masta, Sullivan, Lamb, and Routman, 2002, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 24: 302-314, noted that within Anaxyrus woodhousii two distinct mtDNA clades exist which are largely concordant with the subspecies Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii and Anaxyrus woodhousii australis. Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 211-212, provided a brief account, figure, and map. Fontenot, Makowsky, and Chippindale, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 59: 66-80, discussed hybridization with eastern members of the Anaxyrus americanus group and; without discussion, recognized Anaxyrus velatus as a distinct species.
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
- For access to informatoin on fossils see Lisanfos
