Anaxyrus terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789)
Rana musica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, 1(1): 354. Types: Not stated or indicated. Type locality: "Surinami". Considered a possible senior synonym by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 123, although this would require the type locality to be far wrong (DRF). Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 65, corrected the type locality of "Bufo musicus Sonnini and Latreille, 1802" to Charleston, South Carolina, USA. The issue needs to be explored--DRF. Synonymy by Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 63. Synonymy with Bufo lentiginosus by LeConte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 430; considered tentative by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 308.
Buffo clamosus Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, 16mo ed., 2: 377, 461. Lacépède, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadrup. Ovip. Serpens, Quarto ed., 1: table after page 618, and referencing account starting on page 608. Substitute name for Rana musica Linnaeus. Rejected as published in a nonbinominal work by Opinion 2104, Anonymous, 2005, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 62: 55.
Rana terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789, Tab. Encyclop. Method. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp.: 8. Type(s): Frog illustrated as Rana terrestris by Catesby, 1754, Nat. Hist. Carolina Florida Bahama Is.: 69, pl. 69. Type locality: "La Caroline"; restricted to "Charleston, South Carolina", USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 65. (Catesby's illustration and description do not allow a distinction from Bufo fowleri—DRF.)
Bufo musicus — Bonnaterre, 1789, Tab. Encyclop. Method. Trois Reg. Nat., Erp.: 17. Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 "An. X", Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 127; Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 92.
Bufo rufus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 230-231. Types: By indication including frogs described by Bartram, 1791, Travels N. & S. Carolina Georgia Florida: 275 (English version), 267 (German version cited by Schneider). Type locality: "septentrionalis Americanae". Synonymy by Wright and Wright, 1949, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada, Ed. 3: 199. A senior homonym of Bufo rufus Garman, 1877 "1876".
Bufo clamosus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 214. Types: Not stated. Type locality: "Surinamo". Synonym with Rana musica by Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 92; Daudin, 1803 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., 8: 190. Included tentatively in synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 124.
Rana lentiginosa Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 173. Types: Including "land frog" illustrated by Catesby, 1754, Nat. Hist. Carolina Florida Bahama Is.: 69, pl. 69. Type locality: "Carolina and Virginia"; restricted to "Charleston, South Carolina", USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 65. Objective synonym of Rana terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789, by reason of sharing the type.
Bufo erythronotus Holbrook, 1838, N. Am. Herpetol., 3: 99. Types: Including frog figured on pl. 21; not known to still exist. Type locality: "neighborhood of Charleston", South Carolina, USA. Regarded as a nomen dubium by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 281, and Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146. Synonymy by Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 86 (this vehemently rejected by LeConte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 430); Adler, 1976, Holbrook’s N. Am. Herpetol.: xxix-xlii.
Bufo musicus — Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 88.
Bufo lentiginosus — Holbrook, 1839 "1836", N. Am. Herpetol., Vers. 2, 1: 79. Holbrook, 1842, N. Am. Herpetol., Ed. 2, 5: 7.
Telmatobius lentiginosus — LeConte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 426. From Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 125.
Bufo lentiginosus — Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 63.
Bufo lentiginosus var. musicus — Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 63.
Chilophryne lentiginosa — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.
Incilius lentiginosus — Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15: 50.
Bufo lentiginosus var. musicus — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 309.
Bufo terrestris — Brocchi, 1882, Miss. Scient. Mex. Amer. Centr., Rech. Zool., 3(2, livr. 2): 77. [Probably based on misidentified specimens].
Bufo lentiginosus pachycephalus Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 288. Syntypes: USNM 14681 (2 specimens) according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 35. Type locality: "Micanopy, [Alachua County,] Fl[orid]a.", USA. Synonymy by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 35.
Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus — Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 289.
Bufo terrestris — Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept.: 29.
Anaxyrus terrestris — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363.
English Names
Carolina Toad (Bufo lentiginosus [no longer recognized]: Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 173).
Carolina Toad (Bufo terrestris: Carr, 1940, Univ. Florida Biol. Sci. Ser., 3: 54).
Latreille's Toad (Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus [no longer recognized]: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 23).
Southern Toad (Bufo lentinginosus [no longer recognized]: Rhoads, 1895, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 47: 396; Dickerson, 1906, The Frog Book: 89; Brimley, 1907, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 23: 157).
Southern Toad (Bufo terrestris: Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 65; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 307; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 4; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
Southeastern Toad (Viosca, 1949, Pop. Sci. Bull., Louisiana Acad. Sci., 1: 10).
Distribution
From extreme southeastern Virginia and southeastern Louisiana along the coastal plain to peninsular Florida, USA; an apparently isolated population west of the Mississippi embayment in southwestern Louisiana.
Comment
Reviewed by Blem, 1979, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 223: 1-4. In the Bufo americanus group of Blair, 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo: 352. See Weatherby, 1982, PhD Dissert, Auburn Univ. (and Weatherby, 1982, Dissert. Abstr. Internatl., Ser. B, 42: 4711), for discussion of introgressive hybridization with Anaxyrus americanus along the Fall Line; first noted by Blair, 1947, Am. Mus. Novit., 1343: 4. See comment related to Bufo woodhousii velatus under Anaxyrus woodhousii. Gergus, 1993, Herpetol. Rev., 24: 64, reported this species from Sabine County, southwestern Louisiana. Fontenot, Makowsky, and Chippindale, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 59: 66-80, discussed hybridization with other members of the Anaxyrus americanus group.
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
- For access to informatoin on fossils see Lisanfos
