Anaxyrus microscaphus (Cope, 1867)
Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 "1866", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 301. Syntypes: USNM 4106 (now lost), 4184, and 132901 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 35 (who did not note 4106); USNM 4184 designated lectotype by Shannon, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 307. Type localities: "Territory of Arizona, . . . chiefly near the parallel of 35°, and along the valley of the Colorado from Fort Mojave to Fort Yuma" and "upper Colorado region"; restricted to "Fort Mohave, Mohave County, Arizona", USA, by Shannon, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 307 (see comment on lectotype designation by Shannon, 1953, Herpetologica, 9: 182-183).
Bufo lentiginosus microscaphus — Garman, 1884, Bull. Essex Inst., 16: 43. by implication.
Bufo woodhousii microscaphus — Shannon, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 301.
Bufo microscaphus microscaphus — Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 274.
Anaxyrus microscaphus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363.
English Names
Small Spaded Toad (Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 23).
Cope Toad (Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 266).
Southwestern Toad (Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 64; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176 Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 61; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 10; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 17 Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42).
Fort Mojave Toad (Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 64).
Arizona Toad (Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 64; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 62; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 10; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 8; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 213; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 4; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 8; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
Distribution
Virgin River drainage of southern Nevada and southwestern Utah, and in adjacent California along the Colorado drainage, thence southwest across the Mogollon Plateau of central Arizona to the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico, USA.
Comment
In the Bufo americanus group according to Blair, 1959, Texas J. Sci., 11: 427. Shannon, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 307, redescribed the lectotype. See comment under Bufo californicus. See account by Price and Sullivan, 1988, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 415: 1-3. Considered until recently to include Anaxyrus mexicanus and Anaxyrus californicus as subspecies; see comment under Anaxyrus californicus for access to pertinent literature. ; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 213-214, provided a brief account, figure, and map, and who noted areas of extensive hybridization with Anaxyrus woodhousii. Schwaner and Sullivan, 2009, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 4: 198-206, discussed introgressive hybridization with Anaxyrus woodhousii (as Bufo) in southwestern Utah, USA.
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
