Anaxyrus hemiophrys (Cope, 1886)
Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 515. Syntypes: USNM 11927 (6 specimens), by original designation; USNM 11927 (6 specimens) and MCZ 3728. Cope mentioned only 6 specimens in his type series but Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 34, noted 7, of which 1 had been exchanged to the MCZ. Type locality: "northern boundary of Montana", USA; corrected to "Pembina, Pembina County, North Dakota", USA, by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 34; Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept.: 28, reported "Pembina and Turtle Mts., North Dakota", USA, and Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 232, gave "Pembina and Turtle Mts., N. Dakota, U.S.A." for the MCZ syntypes; see comment above. Restricted to "Turtle Mountains", North Dakota, USA by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 67.
Bufo woodhousei hemiophrys — Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 67.
Bufo hemiophrys — Blair, 1957, Texas J. Sci., 9: 99.
Bufo hemiophrys hemiophrys — Porter, 1968, Evolution, 22: 593. by implication.
Anaxyrus hemiophrys — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363.
English Names
Canadian Toad (Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x; Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 263; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 309; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 42; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 7; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 216; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 3; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 13).
Dakota Toad (Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 67; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 64; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 10; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11).
Distribution
Eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota (USA) to western Ontario, eastern Alberta, and extreme southern Northwest Territories (Canada).
Comment
In the Bufo americanus group according to Blair, 1957, Texas J. Sci., 9: 108, and Blair, 1959, Texas J. Sci., 11: 427. See Bufo baxteri. Green, 1983, Herpetologica, 39: 28-40, studied a hybrid zone with Bufo americanus in Manitoba, Canada. Green and Pustowka, 1997, Herpetologica, 53: 218-228, discussed this hybrid zone and taxonomic implications. See comment under Anayxrus fowleri. Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 216-217, provided a brief account, figure, and map. Fontenot, Makowsky, and Chippindale, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 59: 66-80, discussed hybridization with eastern members of the Anaxyrus americanus group.
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
- For access to informatoin on fossils see Lisanfos
