Anaxyrus cognatus (Say, 1822)
Bufo cognatus Say In James, 1822, Account Exped. Pittsburgh-Rocky Mts., 1: 55 (Philadelphia edition). Holotype: Originally in "Philadelphia Museum" (which is not ANSP—DRF), according to the original; apparently destroyed according to Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 43, who discussed the type. Type locality: "The alluvial margins of the [Arkansas] river," Prowers County, Colorado, USA. Restricted to "3 miles west of Holly, Prowers County", Colorado, USA by Dundee, 1996, Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., 30: 83.
Chilophryne cognata — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.
Incilius cognatus — Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 15: 50.
Bufo lentiginosus cognatus — Cope, 1875, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1: 29.
Bufo dipternus Cope, 1879, Am. Nat., 13: 437. Syntypes: ANSP 19769-71, according to Malnate, 1971, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 123: 350; apparently the report of their loss is in error ( Smith and Taylor, 1948, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 194: 41). Type locality: "On the plains...of northern Montana ... north of the Missouri river east of Fort Benton". Restricted to "Fort Benton, Chouteau County", Montana, USA by Smith and Taylor, 1950, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33: 358. Rendered as "North of Missouri River, east of Fort Benton, Chouteau County, Montana", USA by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 62. Synonymy by Cope, 1886, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 23: 516; Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 275; Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 127.
Bufo cognatus cognatus — Camp, 1915, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 12: 331. by implication.
Anaxyrus cognatus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363.
English Names
Texas Toad (Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 23).
Plains Toad (Strecker, 1915, Baylor Bull., 18: 52; Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 41).
Western Plains Toad (Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: 58).
Say's Toad (Strecker, 1915, Baylor Bull., 18: 52).
Great Plains Toad (Storer, 1925, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 27: 43; Slevin, 1928, Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci., 16: 105; Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: ix; Smith, 1934, Am. Midl. Nat., 15: 440; Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 249; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 62; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 63; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 312; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 10; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 17; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 11; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 7; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 215; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 3; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 7; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 6; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 12).
Distribution
Great Plains from southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Canada) and south east of the Rocky Mountain south through West Texas (USA) to Aguascalients, Tamaulipas, and western San Luis Potosí (Mexico), west through New Mexico and Arizona into southeastern California (USA) and the adjacent delta region of the Colorado River in Baja California del Norte and Sonora, and then south to the Fuerte valley of northern Sinaloa (Mexico).
Comment
In the Bufo cognatus group of Blair, 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo: 349. Rogers, 1972, Copeia, 1972: 381-383, compared phenetically Bufo cognatus, Bufo compactilis, and Bufo speciosus. Reviewed by Krupa, 1990, Cat. Am. Amph. Rept., 457: 1-8. Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 215, provided a brief account, figure, and map. Farr, Lazcano, and Lavín-Murcio, 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 459-467, provided a record for western Tamaulipas, Mexico.
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
- For access to informatoin on fossils see Lisanfos
