Pipidae Gray, 1825
Piprina Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 214. Type genus: "Pipra Laurent" (= Pipa Laurenti, 1768). Incorrect original spelling.
Pipoidea — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 37. explicit family; Laurent, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22: 207; Lynch, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 162; Duellman, 1975, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 42: 5; Laurent, 1980 "1979", Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 104: 417.
Pipina — Gray, 1829, Isis von Oken, 22: 203. Bonaparte, 1832, Saggio Dist. Metod. Animal. Vert.: 10; Bonaparte, 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 1: 393; Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 100 (p. 11 in offprint).
Piparia — Hemprich, 1829, Grundniss Naturgesch. Höhere Lehr., Ed. 2: xix.
Aglossa Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 131. Unavailable name coined as a family for Pipa.
Aglossa Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 200. Explicit family for Pipa and Xenopus.
Pipae — Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26.
Dactylethridae Hogg, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., London, 1: 152. Type genus: Dactylethra Cuvier, 1829. See comment.
Astrodactylidae Hogg, 1839, Mag. Nat. Hist., N.S.,, 3: 152. Type genus: Astrodactylus Hogg, 1838 (= Asterodactylus Wagler, 1827). Synonymy with Pipidae by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 458.
Pipidae — Swainson, 1839, Nat. Hist. Fishes Amph. Rept., 2: 88.
Pipina — Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 394.
Pipaeformes — Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 761. Explicit family-group name.
Pipridae — Anonymous, 1842, Synops. Contents Brit. Mus., Ed. 44: 112. Presumed author is John Gray.
Xenopoda Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33. Type genus: Xenopus Wagler, 1827.
Dactylethrina — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p.
Pipadae — Hallowell, 1858 "1857", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9: 65.
Dactylethridae — Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: xvii.
Aglossa Leunis, 1860, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 2: 335. Unavailable unranked taxon (below Family) to contain Pipa and Xenopus.
Xenopodes — Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 416.
Pipoides — Bruch, 1862, Würzb. Naturwiss. Z., 3: 221.
Astrodactylae — Duméril, 1863, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 9: 300.
Dactyletridae — Hoffmann, 1878, in Bronn (ed.), Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, 6(2): 598. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Pipiformes — Boulenger, 1882, Zool. Rec., 18: 13. Spelling correction.
Dactylethrae — Peters, 1882, Naturwiss. Reise Mossambique, Zool. 3: 179.
Dactylethrida — Knauer, 1883, Naturgesch. Lurche: 103.
Pipida — Knauer, 1883, Naturgesch. Lurche: 103.
Xenopidae — Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 248.
Aglossidae Sollas, 1906, Zool. Rec., 42: 37.
Xenopodidae — Bolkay, 1919, Glasn. Zemaljskog Muz. Bosni Hercegov., 31: 348.
Hymenochiridae Bolkay, 1919, Glasn. Zemaljskog Muz. Bosni Hercegov., 31: 348. Type genus: Hymenochirus Boulenger, 1896.
Pipidae — Bolkay, 1919, Glasn. Zemaljskog Muz. Bosni Hercegov., 31: 348.
Pipinae — Metcalf, 1923, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 120: 391.
Dactylethrinae — Metcalf, 1923, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 120: 391.
Xenopodinae — Metcalf, 1923, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 120: 391.
Xenopinae — Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 489. Van Dijk, 1966, Ann. Natal Mus., 18: 248.
Siluraninae Cannatella and Trueb, 1988, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 94: 32. Type genus: Silurana Gray, 1864.
Pipinomorpha Báez and Pugener, 2003, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 139: 454. Unavailable unranked taxon, coined within the family-group to include Eoxenopoides (fossil) and Pipinae.
Xenopodinomorpha Báez and Pugener, 2003, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 139: 454. Unavailable unranked taxon, coined within the family-group to include various fossil taxa and Xenopodinae (= Dactylethrinae).
Pipoidia — Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 8. Epifamily.
Pipoidea — Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 8. Superfamily.
English Names
Tongueless Frogs (Cochran, 1961, Living Amph. World: 49; Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 109).
Clawed Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 96).
Distribution
South America east of the Andes and in adjacent Panama; south of the Sahara in Africa.
Comment
See Dubois, 1985, Alytes, 4: 66 for nomenclature discussion. Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 214, originally named this group Piprina (an implicit subfamily) based on "Pipra Laurenti" (an incorrect subsequent spelling of Pipa Laurenti). Under the provisions of Article 35.d of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1984) family-group names based on improperly formed type genera must be corrected (but see Art. 39). Lynch, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 133-182; and Starrett, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 252-271, placed this family phylogenetically near to Rhinophrynidae and Haas, 2003, Cladistics, 19: 23-89, considered them to be sister-taxa among living taxa. Cannatella and Trueb, 1988, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 94: 1-38, recognized Siluraninae for Silurana. de Sá and Hillis, 1990, Mol. Biol. Evol., 7: 365-376, rejected the recognition of Siluraninae and placed Silurana in Xenopodinae. Báez and Pugener, 2003, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 139: 439-476, discussed the phylogeny of the group, including relevant fossils. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 119, considered Pipidae to be the sister taxon of Rhinophrynidae and together the sister taxon of all frogs, excluding Leiopelmatidae, provided a taxonomic history and rejected existing subfamilies. Roelants, Gower, Wilkinson, Loader, Biju, Guillaume, Moriau, and Bossuyt, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 887-892, on the basis of less inclusive sampling, a moderately different molecular dataset, and a different analytical method than Frost et al. (2006), found pipoids to be the sister taxon of all frogs, excluding Amphicoela (Leiopelmatidae) and Costata (Alytidae + Bombinatoridae). Perret, 1966, Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. Syst., 93: 289-464, provided a key to the species of Cameroun. Reumer and Graf, 1986, in Rocek (ed.), Studies in Herpetol.: 107-111, discussed aspects of the phylogeny of pipids. Reumer, 1985, Rev. Suisse Zool., 92: 969-980, diagnosed the Xenopus fraseri group and the Xenopus laevis group of species. Báez and Pugener, 2003, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 139: 439-476, discussed evolution in this taxon. Evans, Kelley, Tinsley, Melnick, and Cannatella, 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 33: 197-213, discussed phylogenetics of Xenopus and Silurana (now part of Xenopus) and noted at least one undescribed species of Silurana and two species of Xenopus. Evans, Kelley, Melnick, and Cannatella, 2005, Mol. Biol. Evol., 22: 1193-1207, discussed phylogeny and development of polyploid taxa in Silurana and Xenopus, on the basis of molecular evidence. Vitt and Caldwell, 2009, Herpetology, 3rd Ed.: 438-440, provided a general taxonomic account and map as part of a much more general and extensive overview of biology. Isarri, Vences, San Mauro, Glaw, and Zardoya, 2011, BMC Evol. Biol., 11: e114, provided a molecular phylogeny of the family. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences, confirmed the placement of Pipidae as the sister taxon of Rhinophrynidae and provided a tree of their exemplar species. Blackburn and Wake, 2011, In Zhang (ed.), Zootaxa, 3148, 3148: 39-55, briefly reviewed the taxonomic history of this taxon. Irisarri, Vences, San Mauro, Glaw, and Zardoya, 2011, BMC Evol. Biol., 11(114): 1-10, reported on the phylogenetics of the genera within the taxon as well as the evolution of call characteristics.
Contained taxa
- Hymenochirus Boulenger, 1896 (4 sp.)
- Pipa Laurenti, 1768 (7 sp.)
- Pseudhymenochirus Chabanaud, 1920 (1 sp.)
- Xenopus Wagler, 1827 (21 sp.)
External Links
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