Hypopachus variolosus (Cope, 1866)
Engystoma variolosum Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 131. Holotype: USNM 6486 according to Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 184; Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 48. Type locality: "Arriba [= roughly the Meseta Central], Costa Rica". Type locality commented on by Savage, 1974, Rev. Biol. Tropical, 22: 77.
Systoma variolosum — Cope, 1867, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 6: 194.
Hypopachus Seebachi Keferstein, 1867, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, 18: 352. Syntypes: ZFMK 28389-92, according to Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 182; and ZMB 5926, according to Bauer, Günther, and Robeck, 1996, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 72: 264. Type locality: Costa Rica. Synonymy by Cope, 1870 "1869", Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 11: 166; Cope, 1875 "1876", J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 8: 101; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 159.
Hypopachus inguinalis Cope, 1870 "1869", Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 11: 166. Holotype: USNM according to original publication. Type locality: "Vera Paz, near the ruins of Coban", Guatemala. Synonymy by Cope, 1887, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 32: 18; Nelson, 1973, Herpetologica, 29: 15.
Hypopachus variolosus — Cope, 1875 "1876", J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 8: 101.
Engystoma inguinalis — Brocchi, 1877, Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, Ser. 7, 1: 189.
Hypopachus oxyrrhinus Boulenger, 1883, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 11: 344. Syntypes: BM 1882.12.5.8, 1883.4.5.3 according to Kellogg, 1932, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 160: 184. Type locality: "Presidio", Sinaloa, Mexico; stated as "Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa", Mexico, by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 114. Synonymy by Günther, 1900, Biol. Centr. Amer., Rept. Batr., Part 153: 211; Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus variolosus inguinalis — Cope, 1887, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 32: 18.
Hypopachus cuneus Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 388. Syntypes: including USNM 15676 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 62. Type locality: "neighbrohood of San Diego in Nueces [= Duval] County, Texas", USA; given as "San Diego, Duval County, Texas", USA by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 77, and Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 62 (and this latter citation providing the fictitious citation for the original description as "Cope, 1889, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 11: 395"). Synonymy with Hypopachus oxyrrhinus (as Hypopachus oxyrhynchus) by Boulenger, 1890, Zool. Rec., 26: 21. Synonymy by Günther, 1900, Biol. Centr. Amer., Rept. Batr., Part 153: 211; Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus oxyrhynchus — Boulenger, 1890, Zool. Rec., 26: 21. Misspelling. 54:
Hypopachus oxyrhinus — Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 113. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Hypopachus globulosus Schmidt, 1939, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 24: 2. Holotype: FMNH 4641, by original designation. Type locality: "Lake Ticamaya, east of San Pedro Sula, Honduras". Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus caprimimus Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 526. Holotype: EHT-HMS 18149, by original designation; now FMNH 100086 according to Marx, 1976, Fieldiana, Zool., 69: 56. Type locality: "Agua del Obispo, Guerrero, in pine forest", Mexico. Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus cuneus cuneus — Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 516.
Hypopachus cuneus nigroreticulatus Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 518. Holotype: EHT-HMS, by original designation; now FMNH 100064 according to Marx, 1976, Fieldiana, Zool., 69: 56. Type locality: "Encarnación, Campeche, Mexico". Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus cuneus cuneus — Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 516.
Hypopachus ovis Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 520. Holotype: EHT-HMS 1050, by original designation; now FMNH 100078 according to Marx, 1976, Fieldiana, Zool., 69: 56. Type locality: "Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico". Synonymy (with Hypopachus oxyrrhinus) by Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 85-95; Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus alboventer Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 522. Holotype: EHT-HMS 18615, by original designation; now FMNH 100085 according to Marx, 1976, Fieldiana, Zool., 69: 56. Type locality: "eight miles east of Cuernavaca, Mor[elos]. ", Mexico. Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus maculatus Taylor, 1940 "1939", Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 524. Holotype: EHT-HMS 1023, by original designation; now FMNH 100087, according to Marx, 1976, Fieldiana, Zool., 69: 56. Type locality: "near San Ricardo, Chiapas, Mexico". Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus championi Stuart, 1940, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 53: 19. Holotype: UMMZ 85533, by original designation. Type locality: "temporary pool on the desert flats about one kilometer south of San Gerónomo, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala". Synonymy with Hypopachus inguinalis by Nelson, 1973, Herpetologica, 29: 12. Synonymy with Hypopachus variolosus by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus alboventer alboventer — Davis, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 71.
Hypopachus alboventer reticulatus Davis, 1955, Herpetologica, 11: 71. Holotype: TCWC 10855, by original designation. Type locality: "2 miles south of Almolonga, 5600 feet, Guerrero", Mexico. Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus oxyrrhinus taylori Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 89. Holotype: FAS 11309, by original designation; now UIMNH. Type locality: "3 mi. E. San Blas, Nayarit", Mexico. Synonymy by Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 261.
Hypopachus alboventer alboventer — Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 94.
Hypopachus alboventer reticulatus — Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 94.
Hypopachus oxyrrhinus oxyrrhinus — Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 94.
Hypopachus oxyrrhinus ovis — Shannon and Humphrey, 1958, Herpetologica, 14: 94.
Hypopachus reticulatus — Lynch, 1965, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 68: 369-400.
English Names
Mexican Narrow-mouthed Toad (Hypopachus variolosus: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 78).
Sheep Frog (Hypopachus variolosus: Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 25; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 90; Lee, 1996, Amph. Rept. Yucatan Peninsula: 119; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12; Campbell, 1998, Amph. Rept. N. Guatemala Yucatan Belize: 92; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 11; Lee, 2000, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Maya World: 123; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 6; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 15; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 8; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 16).
Taylor's Toad (Hypopachus cuneus [no longer recognized]: Strecker, 1915, Baylor Bull., 18: 47; Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: xi).
Brownsville Narrow-mouthed Toad (Hypopachus cuneus cuneus [no longer recognized]: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 78).
Distribution
Southern Texas (USA) and southern Sonora and adjacent southwestern Chihuahua (Mexico) south in lowlands and footills (including the Balsas Depression of southern Mexico) to northern Costa Rica at elevations mostly below 1500 m.
Comment
See Nelson, 1973, Herpetologica, 29: 6-17, and Nelson, 1974, Herpetologica, 30: 250-274, for discussion of geographic variation, rejection of subspecies, and synonymy. See accounts by Lee, 1996, Amph. Rept. Yucatan Peninsula: 119-121; Campbell, 1998, Amph. Rept. N. Guatemala Yucatan Belize: 92-93; Lee, 2000, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Maya World: 123-125; Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 394-397, and McCranie and Wilson, 2002, Amph. Honduras: 469-473. Smith, Lemos-Espinal, and Chiszar, 2005, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 75, provided the record for southwestern Chihuahua. Köhler, Vesely, and Greenbaum, 2005 "2006", Amph. Rept. El Salvador: 65-66, provided an account (for El Salvador) and a color photograph. McCranie, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 38, summarized the departmental distribution in Honduras. Frost and Aird, 1978, Herpetol. Rev., 9: 61, provided a record for Aguascalientes, Mexico. Farr, Lazcano, and Lavín-Murcio, 2009, Herpetol. Rev., 40: 459-467, provided new records for Tamaulipas, Mexico, and commented on the range. Ahumada-Carrillo, Vázquez-Huizar, Vázquez-Diaz, and García-Vázquez, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 397, provided a record for southern Zacatecas, Mexico, and discussed the range. Travers, Townsend, Sunyer, Obando, Wilson, and Nickerson, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 399, noted a new locality in Nicaragua (Jinotega). Greenbaum, Smith, and de Sá, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 265-277, reported on molecular phylogeographic data that suggested an East Coast/West Coast dichotomy that might correspond to a species distinction as well as several distinctive populations within each of these major divisions.
External Links
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- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
