Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference

Bufonina Gray, 1825, Ann. Philos., London, Ser. 2, 10: 214. Type genus: Bufo Laurenti, 1768.

Bufonoidea — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 37 (explicitly coined as a family). Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 228; Wied-Neuwied, 1865, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 32: 121; Laurent, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22: 207; Lynch, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 162; Duellman, 1975, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 42: 5.

Bufonidea — Fitzinger, 1827, Isis von Oken, 20: 264.

Bufones — Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann and Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 202. Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 26; Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 146.

Bufonini — Bonaparte, 1835, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 14): unnumbered (although "124" in left hand lower corner).

Bufonina — Bonaparte, 1838, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 1: 393. Bonaparte, 1840, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat., Bologna, 4: 100 (p. 11 of offprint).

Bufonidae — Bell, 1839, Hist. Brit. Rept.: 105.

Bufoidae — Swainson, 1839, Nat. Hist. Fishes Amph. Rept., 2: 88.

Bufoniformes — Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: plate opposite page 53, 640. Explicit family-group name.

Atelopoda Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Type genus: Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841. Synonymy by Duellman and Lynch, 1969, Herpetologica, 25: 239; McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 52; and Trueb, 1971, Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 216: 1-40.

Bufonia — Gravenhorst, 1845, Das Thierreich: 43.

Phryniscidae Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 346. Type genus: Phryniscus Wiegmann, 1834. Synonymy by implication of Boulenger, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 14: 374.

Atelopodes — Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414.

Adenomidae Cope, 1861 "1860", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12: 371. Type genus: Adenomus Cope, 1861. Synonymy ; by implication of synonymy of Adenomus with Bufo) by Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358; Günther, 1864, Rept. Brit. India: 421; and Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 281.

Bufonides — Bruch, 1862, Würzb. Naturwiss. Z., 3: 221.

Bufonida — Haeckel, 1866, Gen. Morphol. Organ., 2: cxxxii.

Phryniscina — Mivart, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869: 288. Explicit subfamily.

Dendrophryniscina Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 65. Type genus: Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870. Treatment as a subfamily of Bufonidae by Gadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139; subsequently ignored.

Dendrophryniscidae — Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, J. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat., Lisboa, 3: 65.

Bufonida — Knauer, 1883, Naturgesch. Lurche: 109. Bayer, 1885 "1884", Abh. K. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Prague, 12: 18.

Bufoniidae — Boulenger, 1893, Zool. Rec., 29: 39.

Bufonidi — Acloque, 1900, Fauna de France, 1: 489.

Dendrophryniscinae — Gadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139.

Platosphinae Fejérváry, 1917, Földtani Közlöny, Budapest, 47: 147. Type genus: Platosphus d'Isle, 1877. Synonymy by Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 122.

Bufoninae — Fejérváry, 1917, Földtani Közlöny, Budapest, 47: 148.

Bufavidae Fejérváry, 1920, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici, 18: 30. Type genus: Bufavus Portis, 1885. Fossil taxon. Synonymy by implication of Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 125.

Bufonidae — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19.

Tornierobatidae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19. Type genus: Tornierobates Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926. Synonymy by Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 15.

Dendrophryniscidae — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 19.

Atelopodidae — Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 8. Davis, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 91; Gallardo, 1961, 1° Reunion Trab. Comun. Cienc. Nat. Geograf., Univ. Nac. Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina: 205.

Atelopodinae — Davis, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 20: 91.

Nectophrynidae Laurent, 1942, Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg., 18: 6. Type genus: Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875. Synonymy by Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27.

Nectophrynoidini — Dubois, 1982, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 16: 50. Type genus: Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926.

Tornierobatinae — Dubois, 1983, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 52: 273.

Adenominae — Dubois, 1983, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 52: 273.

Tornierobatini — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 25.

Nectophrynini — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27.

Stephopaedini Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 27. Type genus: Stephopaedes Channing, 1978.

Incertae Sedis

Rana marginata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 212. Types: Not designated; although Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 30, notes specimens in "Museo regio suecico", presumably available to Linnaeus. Daudin, 1802 "An. XI", Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 54, regarded this taxon to be synonymous with his Rana typhonia (= Leptodactylus fuscus). (See http://linnaeus.nrm.se/zool/herp/madamph.html.en for access to NHRM type.) Type locality: "Indiis". Andersson considered one specimen from the Linnaean collection to be Linnaeus' Rana marginata, and synonymous with Bufo molitor Tschudi and Bufo andianus Cope. However, this name has not been used subsequently and sufficient ambiguities exist in Andersson's discussion to render this name a nomen dubium. Lönnberg, 1896, Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 22: 35, considered the taxon unidentifiable. * Bufo marginatus— Andersson, 1900, Bih. K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26: 25.

Bufo arboreus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 231. Type(s): By indication including frog(s) mentioned in "Britanni Itinerarium exceptum in Promtuario physico Lichtenbergii Vol. III. P. III. page 77." Type locality: "Americae eiusdem septentrionalis".

Bufo siamensis Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 231. Type(s): By indication frog(s) mentioned in "Turpin Histoire civile et naturelle de Siam I page 256". Type locality: "Siam" (= Thailand).

Bufo panamensis Daudin In Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 (An. X), Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 129. Type(s): MNHNP 742, according to Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 15. Type locality: "isthme de Panama".

Palaeophrynos Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 52. Type species: Palaeophrynos gessneri Tschudi, 1838. Fossil taxon. Synonymy with Bufo (sensu lato) by Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 12, and Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24. * Palaeophryne— Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Palaeophrynos Tschudi, 1838.

Sclerophrys capensis Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 85. Type(s): Not designated, presumably MHNN. Type locality: "Promontorium Bonae Spei" (= Cape of Good Hope), Western Cape Province, Rep. South Africa.

English Names

Toads (Fowler, 1907, Annu. Rep. N.J. State Mus. for 1906: 85; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: v).

True Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 35; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38; Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 144).

Distribution

Cosmopolitan except for the Australian, Madagascan, and Oceanic regions, although introduced widely.

Comment

Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, reviewed systematic literature, discussed phylogeny, and provided a taxonomy of bufonids, although because these authors partitioned "Bufo", much of the literature of that nominal genus refers to taxa other than Bufo (sensu stricto). McDiarmid, 1971, Sci. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 12: 1-66, discussed the relationships of the genera Atelopus, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, and Oreophrynella and reformulated the family to include former Atelopodidae. Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976, Caldasia, 11: 93-148, discussed the relationships of the genera Atelopus, Crepidophryne, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, Oreophrynella, Osornophryne, and Rhamphophryne. Cruz and Peixoto, 1982, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 42: 627-629, discussed the relationships between Atelopus pernambucensis (now Frostius), Atelopus, and Dendrophryniscus. Pauly, Hillis, and Cannatella, 2004, Evolution, 58: 2517-2535, discussed relationships among New World bufonids. Cannatella, 1986, Herpetologica, 42: 197-205, discussed the relationships of Frostius, Atelopus, Osornophryne, Oreophrynella, Melanophryniscus, and Dendrophryniscus. Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 25, provisionally recognized five subfamilies: Bufoninae (for Bufo), Atelopodinae (for Atelopus, Crepidophryne, Dendrophryniscus, Melanophryniscus, Oreophrynella, Osornophryne, Peltophryne, and Rhamphophryne), Tornieriobatinae (containing three tribes—Nectophrynini [for Laurentophryne, Nectophryne, Werneria, and Wolterstorffina], Stephopaedini [for Stephopaedes, Mertensophryne, and Schismaderma], and Tornieriobatini [for Capensibufo, Didynamipus, and Nectophrynoides (sensu lato)]), Adenominae (for Ansonia, Bufoides, Leptophryne, Pedostibes, Pelophryne, and Pseudobufo [and without explaining where Adenomus was placed, then in the synonymy of Bufo]), and Allophryninae (now in Centrolenidae). These taxa were recognized on the basis of previously published evidence (e.g, Grandison, 1978, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 11: 119-172; Grandison, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 187-215; Wake, 1980, Copeia, 1980: 193-209). Some proposed groups (e.g., Dubois' Atelopodinae) are clearly polyphyletic on the basis of literature published at the time. Accounts and keys to most of the genera (prior to the partition of Bufo) are supplied by Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 594-797. Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995, Herpetologica, 51: 105-133, discussed the evidence for the monophyly of various genera. Graybeal, 1997, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 119: 297-338, discussed a phylogeny of bufonids and did not recognize Dubois' subfamilies. Unfortunately, Graybeal presented only her molecular evidence and did not disclose the relevant morphological evidence. Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 56-61, provided a key to the species of southern Africa. Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 25-44, provided accounts and keys to the species of the Sunda Shelf. Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 157-213, discussed the species found in Argentina. Savage, 2002, Amph. Rept. Costa Rica: 185-212, provide accounts and keys to the species of Costa Rica. Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 113-126, discussed the Chinese species. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 145-162, provided a key and accounts for the species of Nepal. Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 253-319, reviewed the nomenclature and taxonomy of Asian members of the Bufo viridis group (now Bufotes). Clarke, 2001, Afr. J. Herpetol., 50: 19-30, provided a critique of the systematics of African bufonids with discussion of the evidentiary basis of alternative viewpoints. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6-8, discussed the taxonomy of former "Bufo" insofar as it affects North American species. Because the implied combinations from that paper were unclear and provisional in text, the intention of the authors was verified by email correspondence (DRF); these authors intended world-wide application of their view, a view that if applied would require that most, if not all bufonid genera other than Melanophryniscus, Osornophryne, Atelopus, Truebella, and Dendrophryniscus, would be treated as subgenera of a hugely enlarged Bufo. (This view was seemingly also subscribed to by David B. Wake [email of 27 March 2006].) Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007, Zool. Sci., Tokyo, 24: 1159-1166, provided additional evidence for the polyphyly of "Bufo", with Ingerophrynus being in a clade with Sabahphrynus, Leptophryne, and Didynamipus; Duttaphrynus being likely closely related to Pelophryne, and Phrynoidis being the sister taxon of Pedostibes. Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 72-83, provided a phylogenetic hypothesis of Bufonidae and applying a monophyletic taxonomy. Vitt and Caldwell, 2009, Herpetology, 3rd Ed.: 459-460, provided a general taxonomic account and map as part of a much more general and extensive overview of amphibian biology. Díaz and Cadíz, 2008, Guía Taxon. Anf. Cuba, 4: 1-294, provide accounts for the bufonids of Cuba. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 486-590, provided a key and accounts for the Chinese species. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1-10, provided an analysis of bufonid diversity, focused primarily on Asian diversity, that suggested that the New World component of diversity is paraphyletic with respect to the Old World component. This same tree is provided by Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679-682. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences, largely confirmed the results of previous authors, although this is obscured by their explicit adoption of an out-dated and non-monophyletic taxonomy. See generic accounts for more information. Powell, Collins, and Hooper, 2011, Key Herpetofauna U.S. & Canada, 2nd Ed.: 38-42, provided a key to the genera and species of North America north of Mexico. Martín, Alonso-Zarazaga, and Sanchiz, 2012, Graellsia, 68: 159-180, discussed the allocation of fossils previously associated with the name Bufo, but referrable to other currently-recognized genera.

Contained taxa

• "Bufo" arabicus (Heyden, 1827)
• "Bufo" brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972
• "Bufo" pentoni Anderson, 1893
• "Bufo" raddei Strauch, 1876
• "Bufo" tihamicus Balletto and Cherchi, 1973
• Adenomus Cope, 1861 (3 sp.)
• Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (2 sp.)
• Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012 (3 sp.)
• Amietophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (40 sp.)
• Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 (22 sp.)
• Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985 (3 sp.)
• Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (26 sp.)
• Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (96 sp.)
• Bufo Garsault, 1764 (17 sp.)
• Bufoides Pillai and Yazdani, 1973 (1 sp.)
• Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 (14 sp.)
• Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 (2 sp.)
• Churamiti Channing and Stanley, 2002 (1 sp.)
• Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (10 sp.)
• Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 (1 sp.)
• Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (28 sp.)
• Epidalea Cope, 1864 (1 sp.)
• Frostius Cannatella, 1986 (2 sp.)
• Ghatophryne Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009 (2 sp.)
• Incilius Cope, 1863 (38 sp.)
• Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (12 sp.)
• Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 (1 sp.)
• Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (2 sp.)
• Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 (26 sp.)
• Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 (14 sp.)
• Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1994 (1 sp.)
• Nannophryne Günther, 1870 (4 sp.)
• Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters, 1875 (2 sp.)
• Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 (13 sp.)
• Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 (1 sp.)
• Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 (9 sp.)
• Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976 (11 sp.)
• Parapelophryne Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2003 (1 sp.)
• Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (5 sp.)
• Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 (11 sp.)
• Peltophryne Fitzinger, 1843 (12 sp.)
• Phrynoidis Fitzinger, 1843 (2 sp.)
• Poyntonophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (10 sp.)
• Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 (1 sp.)
• Rhaebo Cope, 1862 (10 sp.)
• Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 (86 sp.)
• Sabahphrynus Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007 (1 sp.)
• Schismaderma Smith, 1849 (1 sp.)
• Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995 (2 sp.)
• Vandijkophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 (5 sp.)
• Werneria Poche, 1903 (6 sp.)
• Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 (3 sp.)
• Xanthophryne Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009 (2 sp.)

External Links

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