Pleurodema thaul (Lesson, 1826)
Bufo thaul Lesson, 1826, in Duperrey (ed.), Voyage Coquille, Zool., vol. 1: 64. Type(s): Not designated. Type locality: Concepción, Chile.
Pleurodema elegans Bell, 1843, Zool. Voyage Beagle, Part 5: 37. Types: Not designated, presumably BMNH. Type locality: "Valparaiso, Valdivia, and Archipelago of Chiloe", Chile. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Cystignathus elegans — Guichenot, 1848, in Gay (ed.), Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile, Zool., 2: 101.
Pleurodema darwini elegans — Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 31.
Paludicola frenata Cope, 1890 "1889", Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 12: 143. Holotype: USNM 15129 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 68. Type locality: "Lota", Chile. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema andicola Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 135. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Cordillera de la prov. de Cautin", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 500. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema andina Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 127. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Andibus provinciae Valdivia, . . . et in Andibus provinciae Cautin", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema aspera Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 139. Syntypes: MNHNC (4 specimens). Type locality: "Totoralillo, in provincia Aconcagua", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema belli Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 124. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "provinciae Valdivia; e praedio meo San Juan attuli; posteo etiam a Valdivia accepi", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501; and Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 276. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema bibroni var. grandis Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 132. Types: Not designated. Type locality: "fundo de San Juan", Valdivia, Chile. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema coquimbensis Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 129. Syntypes: MNHNC (21 specimens). Type locality: "la Serena", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema carbonaria Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 138. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "provincia Valdivia", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema glandulosa Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 134. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Concepcion", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema longipes Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 137. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Valdivia specimen attuli, et quidem e paredio meo San Juan", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema plebeya Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 136. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "provincia Coquimbo", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Recognized by Schmidt, 1954, Lunds Univ. Ärsskrift, N.F., Avd. 2, 49: 4. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema phryniscoides Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 140. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: Not stated (presumably Chile). Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema pseudophryne Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 126. Types: Not designated. Type locality: "insulis Chonos" (= Chonos Archipelago), Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501; and Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 276. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1966, Das Tierreich, 85: 155.
Pleurodema verrucosa Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 142. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "provincia Valdivia", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Secondary homonym of Pleurodema verrucosa (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862) Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 476. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema fusca Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 129. Types: MNHNC. Type locality: "Valdivia", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 501. Synonymy by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema bibroni var. gracilis — Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 132. Error for Pleurodema bibroni var. grandis. See Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 92.
Pleurodema frenata — Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 495.
Physalaemus coquimbensis — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 465.
Pleurodema thaul — Donoso-Barros, 1969, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepción, 41: 161-162.
English Names
Chile Four-eyed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 84).
Distribution
Widely distributed in Chile from the north (Carrera Pinto) to the southern Nothofagus forest from sea level to the vegetation line on the western slopes of the Andes (Aysén region); in Argentina widely distributed from the western shoe of Laguna Superior de Epulafquen, Departamento Minas (Neuquen) south to the area between La Plata and La Chico lakes, Departamento Rio Senguer (Chubut), 0-2100 m elevation.
Comment
Duellman and Veloso, 1977, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 64, regarded this species as a composite of three forms. However, Rosset, Basso, and Lombardo, 2001, Alytes, 19: 154-172, performed a morphometric analysis of the different populations and could find no distinctions among them. See Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 367-372, for account. Ferraro and Casagranda, 2009, Zootaxa, 2024: 33-55, provided a detailed discussion of range in Argentina. Correa-Quezada, Riveros, Lobos, and Velásquez, 2010, Check List, 6.: 10-12, discussed the northern part of the range and mapped localities.
External Links
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For further information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
