Bombina maxima (Boulenger, 1905)
Bombinator maximus Boulenger, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 15: 188. Syntypes: BMNH 1947.2.25.66-68 (formerly 1905.1.30.69-71), according to Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 70. Type locality: "near Tong Chuan Fu in Yunnan (altitude about 6000 feet)", China.
Bombina maxima — Stejneger, 1905, Science, 22: 502. Schmidt, 1927, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 54: 556.
Bombina microdeladigitora Liu, Hu, and Yang, 1960, Acta Zool. Sinica, 12: 157, 171. Holotype: CIB 583158, by original designation. Type locality: "Huang-tsiao-ling [= Huang-cao-ling], Ching-tung [= Jingdong], Yunnan, altitude 2240 m", China). Synonymy by Stugren, 1986, Stud. Univ. Babes-Bolyai, Biol., 31: 40; Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365-377.
Bombina fortinuptialis Hu and Wu In Liu, Hu, Tian, and Wu, 1978, Mater. Herpetol. Res., 4: 18. Holotype: CIB 601750, by original designation. Type locality: Yangliuchong, Jinxiu, Yaoshan, Guangxi, altitude 1350 m, China. Synonymy by Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365-377. Zhao and Adler, 1993, Herpetol. China: 115, discussed authorship.
Bombina fortinuptialis Tian and Wu In Hu, Tian, and Wu, 1981, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, 5 (17): 111. Holotype: CIB 601750, by original designation. Type locality: Yangliuchong, Jinxiu, Yaoshan, Guangxi, altitude 1350 m, China.
Bombina (Glandula) maxima — Tian and Hu, 1985, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 4 (3): 219-224.
Bombina (Glandula) microdeladigitora — Tian and Hu, 1985, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 4 (3): 220.
Bombina (Glandula) fortinuptialis — Tian and Hu, 1985, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 4 (3): 220.
Bombina (Grobina) microdeladigitora — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 97.
Bombina (Grobina) fortinuptialis — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 97.
Bombina (Grobina) maxima — Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 98. Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 373.
Bombina maxima maxima — Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365.
Bombina maxima microdeladigitora — Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365.
English Names
Yunnan Firebelly Toad (Bombina maxima: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38).
Large-webbed Bell Toad (Bombina maxima: Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 60).
Hubei Firebelly Toad (Bombina microdelidigitora [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38).
Small-webbed Bell Toad (Bombina microdelidigitora [no longer recognized]: Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 60).
Yunnan Firebelly Toad (Bombina microdelidigitora [no longer recognized]: Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 10).
Guangxi Firebelly Toad (Bombina fortinuptialis [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 38).
Large-spined Bell Toad (Bombina fortinuptialis [no longer recognized]: Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 58).
Distribution
Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, and northern Guangxi, China; adjacent northern Vietnam (Lao Cai, Lai Chau, and Ha Giang provinces), and likely to Myanmar.
Comment
Accounts provided by Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 154-155; Pope, 1931, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61: 435-436; Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 110-117; Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 38-41; Yang, 1991, Amph. Fauna of Yunnan: 42-46; Ye, Fei, and Hu, 1993, Rare and Economic Amph. China 113; Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 60; and Fei and Ye, 2001, Color Handbook Amph. Sichuan: 99. Ohler, Marquis, Swan, and Grosjean, 2000, Herpetozoa, 13: 71, noted that records of Bombina maxima from Vietnam are referrable to Bombina microdeladigitora, and provided a brief account and illustration. Bogaerts, 2000, Podarcis, 1: 44-49, also provided a brief account. Herrmann, Kühnel, and Kabisch, 1997, in Böhme et al. (eds.), Herpetol. Bonn.: 161-168, compared this species with Bombina fortinuptialis and Bombina microdeladigitora. See also brief account by Zhao and Yang, 1997, Amph. Rept. Hengduan Mountains Region: 37-38. Bombina microdeligitora was considered a synonym (and color variant) of Bombina maxima by Stugren, 1986, Stud. Univ. Babes-Bolyai, Biol., 31: 40, but recognition was continued by Zhao and Adler, 1993, Herpetol. China: 115. Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007, J. Herpetol., 41: 365-377, reported on phylogenetic relationships and confirmed the synonymy of Bombina fortinuptialis and Bombina microdeladigitora. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 70-75, provided an account, illustration, and dot map, and continued the recognition of Bombina microdeladigitora, but that volume appears to have been written prior to the revision by Yu, Yang, Zhang, and Rao, 2007. See accounts (as Bombina microdeladigitora), map, and figure by Yang, 1991, Amph. Fauna of Yunnan: 44-46, Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 60, and . Ohler, Marquis, Swan, and Grosjean, 2000, Herpetozoa, 13: 74, provided comments relevant to the Vietnam population (as Bombina microdeladigitora). Herrmann, Kühnel, and Kabisch, 1997, in Böhme et al. (eds.), Herpetol. Bonn.: 161-168, compared Bombina microdeladigitora, Bombina maxima and Bombina fortinuptialis. Orlov, Murphy, Ananjeva, Ryabov, and Ho, 2002, Russ. J. Herpetol., 9: 81-104, provided the range in Vietnam (as Bombina microdeladigitora). See also brief account (as Bombina microdeladigitora) by Zhao and Yang, 1997, Amph. Rept. Hengduan Mountains Region: 39-40. S. Hu in Frost, 1985, Amph. Species World: 107, rejected the record for Guangxi, China (as Bombina microdeladigitora). Bain and Nguyen, 2004, Am. Mus. Novit., 3453: 9, provided the record (as Bombina microdeladigitora) for Ha Giang Province, Vietnam. Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 147, provided a photograph (as Bombina microdeladigitora). See redescription Bombina fortinuptialis by Tian and Wu in Hu, Tian, and Wu, 1981, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, 5 (17): 111-120, and brief account, map, and figure, by Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 58-59 (as Bombina fortinuptialis). Zhang and Wen, 2000, Amph. Guangxi: 38, provided an account (as Bombina fortinuptialis) for Guangxi. Yang, 2008, in Yang and Rao (ed.), Amph. Rept. Yunnan: 22-24, provided brief accounts for Yunnan, China. See photographs, maps, descriptions of geographic range and habitats, and conservation statuses (for nominal Bombina fortinuptialis and Bombina microdeladigitora) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 155. Zheng, Fu, and Li, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 70-83, continued recognition of Bombina microdeladigitora, Bombina lichuanensis, and Bombina fortinuptialis, and provided molecular evidence consistent with this view. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 106-108, provided brief account of nominal Bombina fortinuptialis (p. 106), Bombina microdeladigitora (p. 107), and Bombina maxima (p. 108), including photographs of specimens and habitat.
External Links
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- For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
- For images search Arkive, CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For information aggregation from other sites and some original accounts see AmphibiaWeb report
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist;
- for a quick link to their maps see iNaturalist KML
