Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference

Hylaedactyli Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33. Type genus: Hylaedactylus Duméril and Bibron, 1841.

Gastrophrynae Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33. Type genus: Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843. Synonymy by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 71.

Hylaedactylidae — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p. Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 346.

Hylaedactylina — Bonaparte, 1850, Conspect. Syst. Herpetol. Amph.: 1 p.

Micrhylidae Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 346. Type genus: Micrhyla Duméril and Bibron, 1841. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838.

Michrylidae — Fatio, 1872, Fauna Vert. Suisse, 3: 230. [sic]

Hylaedactylida — Knauer, 1883, Naturgesch. Lurche: 112.

Engystomatidarum Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 20: 50-53. Type genus: Engystoma Fitzinger, 1826. Synonymy by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 71. See comment under Engystoma Fitzinger, 1826.

Eleutherognathinae Méhely, 1901, Termés. Füzetek, 24: 219. Type species: Not designated. Unavailable family-group name to include all Engystomatidae excluding Symphignathinae (part of current Asterophryinae).

Gastrophrynidae — Metcalf, 1923, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 120: 25.

Gastrophryninae — Metcalf, 1923, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 120: 274. Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 744.

Kalophryninae — Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 451.

Microhylinae — Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 451.

Cacopinae Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 532. Type genus: Cacopus Günther, 1864. Synonymy by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 71.

Kaloulinae Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 538. Type genus: Kaloula Gray, 1831. Synonymy by Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 71.

Kaloulidae — Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 16.

Microhylidae — Parker, 1934, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: i.

Microhyloidea — Laurent, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22: 208. Duellman, 1975, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 42: 5.

Otophryninae Wassersug and Pyburn, 1987, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 91: 166. Type genus: Otophryne Boulenger, 1900.

Microhyloidae — Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 309. Epifamily.

Gastrophrynini — Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 15.

Microhylini — Dubois, 2005, Alytes, 23: 15.

English Names

Narrow-mouthed Frogs (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 93).

Narrow-mouthed Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 93; Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 242).

Narrowmouth Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 87).

Distribution

North and South America; Subsaharan Africa; India and Korea to northern Australia.

Comment

For purposes of priority Microhylidae takes the date 1843 from Hylaedactyli (based on Hylaedactylus [= Kaloula]) and Gastrophrynae (based on Gastrophryne; formerly a junior synonym of Microhyla) of Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 33, under the provisions of Article 40 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). Griffiths, 1963, Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 38: 241-292; Lynch, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 133-182; and Trueb, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 65-132, placed Microhylidae phylogenetically near Ranidae; this view was disputed by Starrett, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 251-271, on the basis of larval features, and by Savage, 1973, in Vial (ed.), Evol. Biol. Anurans: 351-445, who followed Starrett. Sokol, 1975, Copeia, 1975: 1-23, also studying larvae, disagreed with Starrett and concurred with more popular views; but see Pyburn, 1980, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 33: 231-238. Blommers-Schlösser, 1975, Beaufortia, 24: 14, noted that the morphological intermediacy of Scaphiophryninae supported the view that Microhylidae was most closely related to Ranidae (sensu lato). Van der Meijden, Vences, and Meyer, 2004, Proc. R. Soc. London, B—Suppl. Biol. Lett., 271: S378-S381, showed that Brevicipitidae is not included in Microhylidae. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, provided a discussion of taxonomic history, and also provided a partial revision of Microhylidae, evident here. (See comment under Microhylinae, in particular, for a summary of the changes suggested by these authors.) Accounts and keys to most of the genera are supplied by Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14. Barker, Grigg, and Tyler, 1995, Field Guide Aust. Frogs., Ed. 2, provide keys and accounts for Australian species. Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 45-67, provided accounts and keys to the species of the Sunda Shelf. Malkmus, Manthey, Vogel, Hoffmann, and Kosuch, 2002, Amph. Rept. Mount Kinabalu: 115-116, provided a key to th genera of Borneo. See comment under Hemisotidae. Roelants, Gower, Wilkinson, Loader, Biju, Guillaume, Moriau, and Bossuyt, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 887-892, provided evidence of phylogeny within Microhylidae, as did Van der Meijden, Vences, Hoegg, Boistel, Channing, and Meyer, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 44: 1017-1030. Vitt and Caldwell, 2009, Herpetology, 3rd Ed.: 464-468, provided a general taxonomic account and map as part of a much more general and extensive overview of amphibian biology. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 868-957, provided accounts and spot maps for the species of China. Bossuyt and Roelants, 2009, in Hedges and Kumar (eds.), Timetree of Life: 357-364, considered the constituent subfamilies to be families on the basis of their suggested Mesozoic origins. Matsui, Hamidy, Belabut, Ahmad, Panha, Sudin, Khonsue, Oh, Yong, Jiang, and Nishikawa, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 167-176, reported on the mtDNA phylogenetics of the Asian components of the family. On a much larger dataset (although relatively sparse sampling) Kurabayashi, Matsui, Belabut, Yong, Ahmad, Sudin, Kuramoto, Hamidy, and Sumida, 2011, BMC Evol. Biol., 11(175): 1-12, suggested a topology (Phrynomerinae +((Hoplophryninae +((Scaphiophryninae + Cophylinae) + Gastrophryninae) + (Kalophryninae + ((Gastrophrynoides + (Asterophryinae + (Dyscophinae + Microhylinae))))), including only their exemplars and showing some instability when Melanobatrachus is including in the analysis. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543-583, in their study of Genbank sequences provided the largest analysis to date suggesting a topology of Phrynomerinae + (Otophryninae + ((Gastrophryninae + (Hoplophryninae + Cophylinae)) + (Scaphiophryninae + (Kalophryninae + (Asterophryinae + Melanobatrachinae)) + (Dyscophinae + Microhylinae))))); they also provided an extensive tree of species relationships that can be difficult to interpret given their adoption of an old and nonmonophyletic taxonomy. Trueb, Diaz, and Blackburn, 2011, Phyllomedusa, 10: 99-135, reported on osteological characteristics of Gastrophryninae and Otophryninae. Blackburn and Wake, 2011, In Zhang (ed.), Zootaxa, 3148, 3148: 39-55, briefly reviewed the taxonomic history of this taxon.

Contained taxa

• Adelastes Zweifel, 1986 (1 sp.)
• Altigius Wild, 1995 (1 sp.)
• Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.)
• Hyophryne Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.)
• Melanophryne Lehr and Trueb, 2007 (2 sp.)
• Myersiella Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.)
• Relictivomer Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.)
• Stereocyclops Cope, 1870 (3 sp.)
• Syncope Walker, 1973 (3 sp.)
• Asterophryinae Günther, 1858 (274 sp.)
• Cophylinae Cope, 1889 (59 sp.)
• Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882 (3 sp.)
• Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843 (54 sp.)
• Hoplophryninae Noble, 1931 (3 sp.)
• Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869 (19 sp.)
• Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931 (1 sp.)
• Microhylinae Günther, 1858 (71 sp.)
• Otophryninae Wassersug and Pyburn, 1987 (6 sp.)
• Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931 (5 sp.)
• Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946 (10 sp.)

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