GUIDELINES FOR REFERENCES

General Reference Style

Use the following sample bibliography of references for style, or use a recent issue of the publication that reflects the new format (printed in 2002 or after).

Changes from previous style: Repeat authors’ names for every entry, spell out journal titles, and include complete information in each reference (do not use Ibid.).

A sample bibliography follows:

Alberico, M., V. Rojas-Díaz, and J. Gregorio M. 1999. Aporte sobre la taxonomía y distribución de los puercoespines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 23 (supl. esp.): 595–612.

Balslev, H., J. Luteyn, B. Ollgaard, and L.B. Holm-Nielsen. 1987. Composition and structure of adjacent unflooded and floodplain forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Opera Botanica 92: 37–57.

Cabanis, J. 1848. Saeugethiere. In R. Schomburgk (editor), Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840–1844, Dritter Theil [vol.3], Versuch einer Fauna und Flora von Britisch-Guiana: 766–786. Leipzig: J. J. Weber.

Cabrera, A. 1961. Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur [vol. 2]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardina Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales Zoologia 4(2): xxii + 309–732.

Concepción, J.L., and J. Molinari. 1991. Sphiggurus vestitus pruinosus (Mammalia, Rodentia, Erethizontidae): the karyotype and its phylogenetic implications, descriptive notes. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26: 237–241.

DeVries, P.J., T.R. Walla, and H.F. Greeney. 1999. Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorean rainforests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 333–353.

DMA. 1987. Gazetteer of Ecuador, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Defense Mapping Agency.

DMA. 1988. Gazetteer of Colombia, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Defense Mapping Agency.

Ellerman, J. R. 1940. The families and genera of living rodents, vol. 1. London: British Museum (Natural History).

Emmons, L.H. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals, a field guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Engel, M.S. 1999. The first fossil Euglossa and phylogeny of the orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Euglossini). American Museum Novitates 3272: 1–14.

Espinal T., L.S., and E. Montenegro M. 1963. Formaciones vegetales de Colombia: memoria explicativa sobre el mapa ecológico. Bogotá: Instituto Geográfico “Agustín Codazzi”.

Fleck, D.W., and J.D. Harder. 2000. Matses Indian rainforest habitat classification and mammalian diversity in Amazonian Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology 20: 1–36.

Grimaldi, D., and J. Maisey. 1989. Introduction. In D. Grimaldi (editor), Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil: 5–14. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 195: 1–191.

Rohdendorf, B.B. 1962. Order Diptera. In B.B. Rohdendorf (editor), Fundamentals of Paleontology, vol. 9, Arthropoda-Tracheata and Chelicerata: 444–502. [1991 English translation of Russian original, Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation]

Sample Formats of Various Publications

·        Articles in Serial Publications

Cook, P.L., and R.M.W. Fox. 2000. Article title: lowercase after colon—lowercase after M-dash. Spell out the Journal Title 20(7): 115–117.

Form of text citation: (Cook and Fox, 2000)

Kubat J, and T.S.T. Van Pelt. 2001b. Article title initial capital letters.American Museum Novitates 3299: 1–66.

Form of text citation: (Kubat and Van Pelt, 2001b)

·        Books

Marks, J.B., C.N.K. Rand, and S.K. de Veaux (editors). 1939a. Book title only first word and proper nouns capitalized, 8th ed. Place: Publisher. 2 vols., 6005 pp. [Note: The total number of book pages can be included at the end of each book reference but is not required. Please be consistent.]

Form of text citation: (Marks et al., 1939a)

·        Contributed part in book

Jackson, O.T., T.J. Ziegler , C.T.L. Jones, and R.T. Reed. 2001c. Article title. Note that the word editor is spelled out, edition is abbreviated. In S. Kline, R.H. Macy, R.J.R. Freeman-Cinque (editors), Book title, 2nd ed.: 434–608. Place: Publisher.

Form of text citation: Jackson et al., 2001c.

Style for Author's Names

Reverse the first author's name, listing the surname first, as shown above. Insert a comma between the first author's surname and initials. Do not insert spaces between initials. Note: it is necessary to spell out the given (first) name of two authors only if the given names and the surnames of two authors in the bibliography are identical.

Alphabetizing References

Use the letter-by-letter straight alphabetical sequence determined by the first author's surname and then, if necessary, by initials of first author, and beginning letters of any following surnames.

If author(s) are identical, sequence by publication date. If author(s) and publication date are identical, sequence by inserting a, b, c, etc. consecutively after the date.

Surname preceding given name. The surname commonly precedes the given name in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean; however, in British and American journals, such names are often transposed. Authors should be sure that they have properly placed the surname in front of the given name in alphabetical lists of authors' names.

The year of publication follows the authors’ names on the same line, separated by a period. Use a, b, c etc. following year for same-year publications by the same authors. If you are correcting a date, enclose the stated (but incorrect) date in quotation marks followed by the corrected date in brackets.

            Example: Berthold, C.N. “1847” [1846]

Use “in press” for an upcoming publication date only if the material has been accepted for publication. Use “MS” for unpublished manuscripts on file and or other “to be published” situations, for example, submitted manuscripts under review. Use “in prep.” for uncompleted work.

·        Serials (journals)

Spell out serial names. However, tediously long serial names can be truncated by omitting words and substituting ellipsis points for the deleted part.

Capitalize the first word only and any proper nouns. In foreign languages capitalize all words that are normally capitalized in running text.

Do not abbreviate. However, it is permissible to shorten excessively long titles by omitting words and substituting ellipsis points for the deleted part. Authors should shorten tediously long titles.