wheeler@amnh.org Curator Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York, NY 10024-5192 Office: (212) 769-5754 FAX: (212) 769-5277

Professional Employment

• 2007 to present Chair Division of Invertebrate Zoology
• 2007 to present Curator-in-Charge Scientific Computing
• 1999 to present Curator of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History
• 1994 to 1999 Associate Curator of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History
• 1989 to 1994 Assistant Curator of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History
• 1988 to 1989 Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California at Los Angeles

Education

• 1985 to 1988 Harvard University Ph. D.
• 1981 to 1985 Yale College B. A.

Adjunct Appointments

• 1991 to present Adjunct Professor, Columbia University
• 1991 to present Adjunct Professor, New York University
• 1989 to present Adjunct Professor, City University of New York

Software

• Varón, A., L. S. Vinh, I. Bomash, W. C.Wheeler. 2008. POY 4.1. American Museum of Natural History.
• Wheeler,W. C., D. S. Gladstein, and Jan De Laet. 1996-2003. POY. Version 3.0 (current version 3.0.11). Documentation by Daniel Janies and Ward Wheeler. Commandline documentation by J. De Laet and W. C. Wheeler.
• Wheeler, W. C. and D. S. Gladstein. 1991-1998. Malign. Program and documentation. New York, NY. Documentation by Daniel Janies and Ward Wheeler.

Courses

Systematics & Biogeography

Publications

• Wheeler, W. C., P. M. Whiteley, and T. Powers. 2011. Phylogenetic Analysis of Socio-Cultural Data: Identifying Transformation Vectors for Kinship Systems. Transformative Kinship: Engaging the Crow-Omaha Transition. ed. P. Whiteley. University of Arizona Press. In press.
• Janies, D. A., T. Treseder, B. Alexandrov, F. Habib, J. J. Chen R. Ferreira, Ü. Catalyürek, A. Varón, W. C. Wheeler. 2011. The Supramap project: Linking pathogen genomes with geography to fight emergent infectious diseases. Cladistics 27:61-66.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2010. Distinctions between optimal and expected support. Cladistics 26:657-663.
• Faivovich, J., C. Haddad, D. Baeta, K-H. Jungfer, G. Álvares, R. Brandão, C. Sheil, L. S. Barrientos, C. Barrio-Amorós, C. A. G. Cruz, and W. C. Wheeler. 2010. The phylogenetic relationships of Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae): A group of poster frogs. Cladistics 26:227-261.
• Varón, A., Vinh, L. S., and W. C. Wheeler. 2010. POY version 4: phylogenetic analysis using dynamic homologies. Cladistics 26:72-85.
• Hejnol, A., M. Obst, A. Stamatakis, M. Ott, G. W. Rouse, G. D. Edgecombe5, P. Martinez, J. Baguñà, X. Bailly, U. Jondelius, M. Wiens., W. E.G. Müller., E. Seaver, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, G. Giribet, and C. W. Dunn. 2009. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proc. Royal. Soc. B. 276:4261 - 4270.
• Wheeler, W. C. and G. Giribet. 2009.Phylogenetic hypotheses and the utility of multiple sequence alignment,” in M. Rosenberg eds., Sequence Alignment: Methods, Models, Concepts, and Strategies. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
• Schuh, R.T., C. Weirauch, and W.C. Wheeler. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of family-group relationships in the Cimicomorpha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 34:15-48.
• Varón, A., and W. C. Wheeler. 2008. Application note: on extension gap in POY version 3. Cladistics 24:1070.
• Wheeler, W. C. and K. M. Pickett. 2008. Topology-Bayes versus Clade-Bayes in Phylogenetic Analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25:447-453.
• Dunn, C. W., A. Hejnol, D. Q. Matus, K. Pang, W. E. Browne, S. A. Smith, E. Seaver, G. W. Rouse, M. Obst, G. D. Edgecombe, M. V. Sørensen, S. H.D. Haddock, A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Okusu, R. M. Kristensen, W. C. Wheeler, M. Q. Martindale, and G. Giribet. 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the Animal Tree of Life. Nature 452:745-749.
• Murienne, J., R. Pellens, R. B. Budinoff, W. C. Wheeler, and P. Grandcolas. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the endemic New Caledonian cockroach Lauraesilpha. Testing competing hypotheses of diversification." Cladisitcs 24:802-812.
• Grazia, J, R. T. Schuh. And W. C. Wheeler. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera). Cladistics 24:932-976.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2007. Chromosomal Character Optimization. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 44:1130-1140.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2007.The analysis of molecular sequences in large data sets: where should we put our effort? Pp. 113-128, In Trevor R. Hodkinson and John A. N. Parnell eds., Reconstructing the Tree of Life: Taxonomy and Systematics of Species Rich Taxa. Systematics Association, Oxford University Press.
• Arango, C. A., and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Phylogeny of the sea spiders (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) based on direct optimization of six loci and morphology. Cladistics 23:255-293.
• Giribet, G, and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. The case for sensitivity: a response to Grant and Kluge. Cladistics 23:294-296.
• de Carvalho, M. R., F. A. Bockmann, D. S. Amorim, C. R. F. Brandão, M. de Vivo, J. L. de Figueiredo, H. A. Britski, M. C. C. de Pinna, N. A. Menezes, F. P. L. Marques, N. Papavero, E. M. Cancello, J. V. Crisci, J. D. McEachran, R. C. Schelly, J. G. Lundberg, A. C. Gill, R. Britz, Q. D. Wheeler, M. L. J. Stiassny, L. R. Parenti, L. M. Page, W. C. Wheeler, J. Faivovich, R. P. Vari10, L. Grande, C. J. Humphries, R. DeSalle, M. C. Ebach, and G. J. Nelson. 2007. Taxonomic Impediment or Impediment to Taxonomy? A Commentary on Systematics and the Cybertaxonomic-Automation Paradigm. Evolutionary Biology 34:140-143.
• Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas , C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sa, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green, and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Is The Amphibian Tree of Life really fatally flawed? Cladistics 23:1-11.
• Le Sy, V., A. Varon, D. Janies, and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Towards phylogenomic reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Las Vegas Nevada, USA, pp. 98-104.
• Janies, A. W. Hill, E. Waltari, R. Guralnick, F. Habib, W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Genomic analysis and geographic visualization of the spread of avian influenza. Syst. Biol. 56:31-39.
• Pellenes, P., C. D‘Haese, X. Bellés, M-D. Piulachs, F. Legendre, W. C. Wheeler, P. Grandcolas. 2007. The evolutionary transition from subsocial to eusocial behavior in Dictyoptera: phylogenetic evidence for modification of the “shift-dependent-care” hypothesis with a new subsocial cockroach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43:616-626.
• Richter, S., J. Olesen, and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci. Cladistics 23:301-336.
• Ramirez, M. J., J. Coddigton, W. P. Maddison, P. Midford, L. Prendini, J. Miller, C. E. Griswold, G. Hormiga, P. Sierwald, N. Scharff, S. P. Benjamin, and W. C. Wheeler. 2007. Linking of digital images to phylogenetic data matrices using a morphological ontology: lesson from the AtoL:Phylogeny of Spiders project. Syst. Biol. 56:283-294.
• Pickett, K. M., J. M. Carpenter, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. A systematic update of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with phylogenetic consideration of social behavior. Annales Zoologici Finnici 43:390-406.
• Vinh, L. S., A. Varón, and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Pairwise alignment with rearrangement. Genome Informatics 17:141-151.
• Smith, W.L. and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Venom evolution widespread in fishes: a phylogenetic road map for the bioprospecting of piscine venoms. Journal of Heredity 97: 206-217.
• Grant, T., D. R. Frost, J. P. Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, C. F. B. Haddad, P. J. R. Kok, B. D. Means, B. P. Noonan, W. Schargel and W. C. Wheeler. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Anura: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299: 1-262.
• Wheeler, W.C. , M.J. Ramírez, L. Aagesen, and S. Schulmeister. 2006. Partition-free congruence analysis. Cladistics 22: 256-263.
• Wheeler, W.C. 2006. Dynamic homology and the likelihood criterion. Cladistics 22: 157-170.
• Frost, D.R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. Bain, A. Haas, C.F.B. Haddad, R.O. de Sá, S.C. Donnellan, C.J. Raxworthy, M. Wilkinson, A. Channing, J.A. Campbell, B.L. Blotto, P. Moler, R.C. Drewes, R.A. Nussbaum, J.D. Lynch, D. Green, and W.C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1-370.
• Pickett, K.M., G.L. Tolman, W.C. Wheeler, and J.W. Wenzel. 2005. Parsimony overcomes statistical inconsistency with the addition of more data from the same gene. Cladistics 21: 438-445.
• Prendini, L., P. Weygoldt, and W.C. Wheeler. 2005. Systematics of the Damon variegatus group of African whip spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi): Evidence from behaviour, morphology and DNA. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5: 203-236.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2005. Alignment, Dynamic Homology, and Optimization.” pp71-80 in Parsimony, Phylogeny, and Genomics. V. A. Albert eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Faivovich, J.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Garcia, P. C. A.; Frost, D. R.; Campbell, J. A., and Wheeler, W. C., 2005. Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294: 1-240.
• Giribet G, Richter, S., Edgecombe G. D, and Wheeler W.C. 2005. The position of crustaceans within the Arthopoda—evidence form nine molecular loci and morphology. Pp307-352 in Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships, S. Koenemann and R. A. Jenner eds. Taylor and Franscis, Boca Raton.
• Giribet G, Edgecombe G. D., Carpenter J.M., Haese C., Wheeler W.C. 2004. Is Ellipura monophyletic? A combined analysis of basal hexapod relationships with emphasis on the origin of insects. Organisms, Diversity, and Evolution, 4:319-340.
• Smith, W. L., and W. C. Wheeler. 2004. Polyphyly of the mail-cheeked fishes (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 32:627-646.
• Favovich, J., P. C. A. Garcia, F. Ananias, L. Lanari, N. G. Basso, and W.C. Wheeler. 2004. A molecular perspective on the phylogeny of the Hyla pulchella species group (Anura: Hylidae). Mol. Phyl. Evol, 32:938-950.
• Wheeler, W. C., G. Giribet, and G. D. Edgecombe. 2004. “Arthropod Systematics: The Comparative Study of Genomic, Anatomical, and Paleontological Information.” pp. 281-295, Assembling the Tree of Life. J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Wheeler, W. C., D. Janies, and J. De Laet. 2004. DNA sequence alignment and parallel processing.” in 2004 McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology.
• Schulmeister, D. and W. C. Wheeler. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of developmental sequence heterochrony: an application of search-based character optimization. Evolution and Development, 6:50-57.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2003. Search-Based Optimization. Cladistics, 19:348-355.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2003. Implied Alignment: A Synapomorphy-Based Mulitple Sequence Alignment Method. Cladistics, 19:261-268.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2003. Iterative pass optimization. Cladistics, 19:254-260.
• Norell, M. A., and W. C. Wheeler. 2003. Missing entry replacement data analysis: a statistical approach to dealing with missing data in paleontological and total evidence data sets. J. Vert. Paleont. 23:275-283.
• Prendini, L., Crowe, T.M., and Wheeler, W.C. 2003. The family Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802: Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography. Invertebrate Systematics, 17:185-259.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2002. Optimization Alignment: Down, Up, Error, and Improvements.Pp. 55-69. in R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler eds. Techniques in Molecular Systematics and Evolution. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland.
• Wheeler, W. C., G. Giribet, and G. D. Edgecombe. 2002. "Arthropods".” In Encyclopedia of Evolution, Mark Pagel ed.. Oxford University Press.
• Girbet, G., and W. C. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level phylogeny of the mollusk class Bivalvia based on a combined analysis of morphology and DNA sequence data. Inv. Biol 121:271-324.
• Janies, D. and W. C. Wheeler. 2002. Theory and practice of parallel direct optimization. pp. 115-124 in R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler eds. Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland.
• Edgecombe, G. D., G. Giribet, and W. C. Wheeler. 2002. Phylogeny of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined analysis of morphology and five molecular loci. Syst. Ent.27:31-64.
• Giribet, G., R. DeSalle, and W. C. Wheeler. 2002. "Pluralism" and the aims of phylogenetic analysis.” pp. 141-146 in R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler eds. Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland.
• Giribet, G., W. C. Wheeler, G. D. Edgecombe, and C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics, 18:5-70.
• Giribet, G., W. C. Wheeler, and J. Muona. 2002. “DNA multiple sequence alignments.” pp107-114 in R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler eds. Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland.
• Schulmeister, S., Wheeler, W. C., and Carpenter, J. M. 2002. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta) using sensitivity analysis. Cladistics 18:455-484.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2001. “Homology and DNA sequence data.” Pp. 303-318. in G.P. Wagner ed. The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press, New York. 622 pp.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2001. Homology and the optimization of DNA sequence data. Cladistics, 17:S3-S11.
• Wheeler , W. C., M. F. Whiting, J. C. Carpenter, and Q. D. Wheeler. 2001. “The phylogeny of the insect orders.” Cladistics, 12:1-57.
• Giribet, G and W. C. Wheeler. 2001. “Some unusual small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of metazoans.” AMNH Novitates., 3337:1-14.
• Janies, D., and W. Wheeler. 2001. Efficiency of parallel direct optimization. Cladistics, 17:S71-S82.
• Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, and W. C. Wheeler. 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413: 157-161.
• Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer, and W. C. Wheeler. 2000. “Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates, and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Platyhelminthes, and Chaetognatha; a combined approach of 18S rDNA and Morphology.” Systematic Biology, 49:539-562.
• Phillips, A., D. Janies, and W. C. Wheeler. 2000. “Multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetic analysis.” Mol. Phyl. Evol. 16:317-330.
• Wheeler, W. C. 2000. Heuristic Reconstruction of Hypothetical-Ancestral DNA Sequences: Sequence Alignment versus Direct Optimization. Pp. 106-113. in R. Scotland and R. T. Pennington eds. Homology and Sytematics. Systematics Society, London. 217 pp.
• Bang, R., R. DeSalle, and W. C. Wheeler. 2000. “Transformationalism, taxism and the role of developmental biology in systematics.” Sys. Biol, 49:19-27.
• Edgecombe, G. D., Gonzalo Giribet and Ward Wheeler. 1999. “Phylogeny of Chilopoda: combining 18s and 28s rDNA sequences and morphology.” Pp. 293-331. In: Evolución y filogenia de Arthropoda (A. Melic, ed.). Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.
• Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, y W. C. Wheeler. 1999. “Sistemática y Filogenia de Artrópodos; estado de la cuestión con énfasis en análisis de datos moleculares.” In: Evolución y filogenia de Arthropoda (A. Melic, ed.). Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.
• Carpenter, J. M., and W. C. Wheeler. 1999. “Numerical Cladistics, Simultaneous Analysis and Hexapod Phylogeny.” In: Evolución y filogenia de Arthropoda (A. Melic, ed.). Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1999. “Fixed Character States and the Optimization of Molecular Sequence Data.” Cladistics 15: 379-385.
• Wheeler, W. 1999. “Measuring topological congruence by extending character techniques.” Cladistics, 15:131-135.
• Carpenter, J. M. and W. C. Wheeler. 1999. “Towards simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data in Hymenoptera.” Zoologica Scripta 28:251-260.
• Giribet, G and W. C. Wheeler. 1999. “The position of arthropods in the animal kingdom: Ecdysozoa, islands, trees and the ‘parsimony ratchet.’” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 10:1-5.
• Giribet, G and W. C. Wheeler. 1999. “On Gaps.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13:132-143.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1998. “Alignment Characters, Dynamic Programming, and Heuristic Solutions” pp. 243-251 in R. DeSalle, B. Schierwater, eds. Molecular Approaches to Ecology and Evolution 2nd Edition. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1998. “Molecular systematics and Arthropods.” Pp. 9-32. in G. D. Edgecombe ed. Arthropod Fossils and Phylogeny, Columbia University Press, New York.
• Wheeler, W. C. and C. Y. Hayashi. 1998. “The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders.” Cladistics 14:173-192.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1998. “Sampling, groundplans, total evidence and the systematics of arthropods.” Pp. 87-96. in R. A. Fortey and R. H. Thomas eds. Arthropod Relationships. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Gladstein, D. S. and W. C. Wheeler. 1997-2002. “POY: The Optimization of Alignment Characters.” Program and Documentation. New York, NY. Available at ftp.amnh.org/pub/molecular. Documentation by D. Janies and W. C. Wheeler.
• Whiting, M. F., J. C. Carpenter, Q. D. Wheeler, and W. C. Wheeler. 1997. “The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology.” Syst. Biol. 46:1-68.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1996. “Optimization Alignment: the end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics?” Cladistics, 12:1-9.
• Vrana, P. B. and W. C. Wheeler. 1996. “Molecular evolution and phylogenetic utility of the Polyubiquitin locus in mammals and higher vertebrates.” Mol. Phyl. and Evol., 6:259-269.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1995. “Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data.” Systematic Biology 44:321-331.
• Wheeler, W. C., J. Gatesy, and R. DeSalle. 1995. “Elision: a method for accommodating multiple molecular sequence alignments with alignment-ambiguous sites.” Mol. Phyl. Evol.4:1-9.
• Farris, J. S., 28 others, and W. Wheeler. 1995. “Explanation.” Cladistics 11:211-218.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1994. “Sources of ambiguity in nucleic acid sequence alignment.” pp. 323-352 in B. Schierwater, B. Streit, G.P. Wagner, and R. DeSalle eds. Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland
• Wheeler, W. C., and D. S. Gladstein. 1994. "MALIGN: A multiple sequence alignment program." J. Hered. 85:417-418.
• Wheeler, W. C., and K. Nixon. 1994. “A novel method for the economical diagnosis of cladograms under Sankoff optimization.” Cladistics 10:207-213.
• Whiting, M., and W. C. Wheeler. 1994. “Insect homeotic transformation.” Nature, 368:696.
• Vrana, P. B., M. C. Milinkovitch, J. R. Powell, and W. C. Wheeler. 1994. “Higher level relationships of the arctoid Carnivora based on sequence data and 'total evidence’.”Mol. Phyl. Evol. 3:47-58.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1993. “The triangle inequality and character analysis.” Mol. Biol. and Evol. 10:707-712.
• Wheeler, W. C., R. T. Schuh, and R. Bang. 1993. “Cladistic relationships among higher groups of Heteroptera: congruence between morphological and molecular data sets.” Ent. Scand., 24:121-138.
• Wheeler, W. C., P. Cartwright, and C. Y. Hayashi. 1993. “Arthropod phylogeny: a combined approach.” Cladistics 9:1-39.
• DeSalle, R., J. Gatesy, W. Wheeler, and D. Grimaldi. 1993. “Working with fossil DNA from amber.” Discovery, 24:19-21.
• Dick, M., D. M. Bridge, W. C. Wheeler, and R. DeSalle. 1993. “Collection and storage of invertebrate samples.” Methods. Enzymol. 224:51-65.
• Gatesy, J., R. DeSalle, and W. Wheeler. 1993. "Alignment-ambiguous nucleotide sites and the exclusion of systematic data." Mol. Phyl. Evol., 2:152-157.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1992. “Quo vadis?” Cladistics 8:85-86.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1992. “Extinction, sampling, and molecular phylogenetics.” pp. 205-215 in M. Novacek and Q. D. Wheeler, eds. Extinction and Cladistic Analysis. Columbia University Press, New York.
• Wheeler, W. C., and D. S. Gladstein. 1991-1998. Malign. Program and documentation. New York, NY. Documentation by Daniel Janies and Ward Wheeler.
• Vrana, P., and W. C. Wheeler. 1992. “Individual organisms as terminal entities: laying the species problem to rest.” Cladistics 8:67-72.
• DeSalle, R., J. Gatesy, W. Wheeler, and D. Grimaldi. 1992. “DNA sequences from a fossil termite in Oligo-Miocene amber and their phylogenetic implications.” Science 257:1933-1936.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1991. “Congruence among data sets: a Bayesian approach.” pp 334-346 in M. M. Miyamoto and J. Cracraft, eds. Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA Sequences. Oxford University Press, London.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1990. “Nucleic acid sequence phylogeny and random outgroups.” Cladistics 6:363-367.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1990. “Invertebrate relationships.” Journal of the New York Ent. Soc. 98:502-504.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1990. “Combinatorial weights in phylogenetic analysis: a statistical parsimony procedure.” Cladistics 6:269-275.
• Honeycutt, R. L., and W. C. Wheeler. 1990. “Mitochondrial DNA: Variation in Humans and Higher Primates.” in CRC Press, DNA Systematics in Humans and Higher Primates. pp. 91-129.
• Wheeler, W. C. 1989. “The systematics of insect ribosomal DNA.” in The Hierarchy of Life. Bö Fernholm et al. eds. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. pp. 307-321.
• Wheeler, W. C., and R. L. Honeycutt. 1988. “Paired sequence difference in ribosomal RNAs: evolutionary and phylogenetic implications.” Mol. Biol. and Evol. 5:90-96.
• Harrison, R. G., D. M. Rand, and W. C. Wheeler. 1987. “Mitochondrial DNA variation in field crickets across a narrow hybrid zone.” Molec. Biol. and Evol. 4:144-158.
• Harrison, R. G., D. M. Rand, and W. C. Wheeler. 1985. “Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy within individual crickets.” Science 228:1446-1448.

Authored Volumes

• Wheeler, W.C. , L. Aagesen, C. P. Arango, J. Faivovich, T. Grant, C. D'Haese, D. Janies, W. L. Smith, A. Varón, and G. Giribet. 2006. Dynamic Homology and Phylogenetic Systematics: A Unified Approach Using POY. American Museum of Natural History, New York. 365 pp.

Edited Volumes

• R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler. 2002. Techniques in Molecular Systematics and Evolution. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland, 450 pp.
• R. Desalle, G. Giribet and W. Wheeler. 2002. Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel Switzerland. 309 pp.